Sunday, 18 May 2014

Classic Studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature

Wrigley, A. (2010). Greek Drama in the First Six Decades of the Twentieth Century: Tradition, Identity, Migration. Comparative Drama, 44/45, 371–384. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23238796

Theatre in Ancient Greece | EBSCO Research Starters

Introduction A Hellenic Modernism: Greek Theatre and Italian Fascism | Classical Receptions Journal | Oxford Academic

Greek drama (Tragedy) | Open Library

Greek drama (Comedy) | Open Library

August Nauck | Open Library

Greek drama, history and criticism | Open Library

Critique et interprétation | Open Library

Greek drama, eBook - search


Here is a list of classic pre-1914 sources and studies on ancient Greek drama:

  • August Nauck's works:

    • Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (first published 1856; a critical edition of fragments of Greek tragedians)

    • Editions and commentaries on Euripides, Sophocles, and Aristophanes from the mid-19th century

    • Notable for textual criticism and philological scholarship on Greek drama.wikipedia+3

  • Friedrich Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy (1872):

    • A foundational philosophical work analyzing the origins and nature of Greek tragedy

    • Introduced the concepts of Apollonian and Dionysian elements in art

    • A key work in the intellectual tradition of understanding Greek drama beyond mere texts.wikipedia+5

  • Aristotle's Poetics (circa 330 BC):

    • The classical treatise on dramatic theory and tragedy that influenced centuries of scholarship

    • Widely studied and commented on by scholars in the 19th and early 20th centuries.blackwellpublishing

Other broad contextual resources include 19th-century philological studies and editions of the classical playwrights as part of the growing scholarly tradition in that era, focusing on manuscript traditions, dramatic structure, and theatrical performance conventions.

These sources represent core classic scholarship and foundational texts on ancient Greek drama that were widely referenced and shaped the academic study of Greek tragedy prior to 1914.



Classic Studies

 Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature by August Wilhelm von Schlegel - Project Gutenberg

Godofredi Hermann (1796). De Metris Poetarum graecorum et romanorum,libri III. Libri III. Ges. Fleischer


John William Donaldson (1836). The Theatre of the Greeks: A Series of Papers Relating to the History and Criticism of the Greek Drama. J. Smith, printer to the University.
https://archive.org/details/theatregreeksin01greegoog/page/n9/mode/1up


The Theatre of the Greeks: A Series of Papers Relating to the History and Criticism of the Greek ... : John William Donaldson - Internet Archive

The theatre of the Greeks; a series of papers relating the history and criticism of the Greek drama
August Wilhelm von Schlegel (1815). A Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. Volume 1. Baldwin, Cradock and Joy.




Major, J. R. A Guide to the Reading of the Greek Tragedians. 1844


John William Donaldson (1849). The theatre of the Greeks

Wilhelm Dörpfeld; Emil Reisch. (1896) Das griechische theater.

John Homer Huddilston (1898). Greek Tragedy in the Light of Vase Paintings. Macmillan and Company, limited.



Sir Arthur Wallace Pickard-Cambridge; Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster (1927). Dithyramb, tragedy and comedy. Clarendon Press.

Arthur Wallace Pickard-Cambridge (1956). The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens. Clarendon Press.

 Arthur Wallace Pickard-Cambridge; John Gould; D. M. Lewis (1973). The Dramatic Festivals of Athens. Clarendon Press.

Oliver Taplin (1978 & 2003) Greek Tragedy in Action , Oxford University Press, Oxford.
PDF Link
Greek tragedy in action : Taplin, Oliver Paul Eric R. Dodds (16 June 2004). The Greeks and the Irrational. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-93127-5.

R. B. Rutherford (10 May 2012). Greek Tragic Style: Form, Language and Interpretation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-37707-3.

Histoire de la Litterature Grecque, Vol. I- Homere-la Poesie Cyclique-Hesiode https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.107026

Histoire de la Litterature Grecque, Vol. II- Lyrisme-Premiers Prosareurs-Herodote
https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.107025

Histoire de la Litterature Grecque, Vol. III- Periode Attique; Tragedie-Comedie-Genres Secondaires
https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.107023

Aristophanes and the Political Parties at Athens by Maurice Croiset- Internet Archive
https://archive.org/details/cu31924026468177

Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

Der Kleine Pauly

Brill's New Pauly/Der Neue Pauly

Brills New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World - 20 Volumes with Index
ISBN 9004122591 (set)

Der Neue Pauly :Enzyklopädie der Antike /herausgegeben von Hubert Cancik und Helmuth Schneider..
Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler, c1996-. ISBN 3476014703 (set); ISBN 9783476020536 (set : Suppl.);

A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890)

William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed.




Joannes Meursius (1619). Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, sive de tragoeddiis eorum, libri III

John Richardson Major (1844). A Guide to the Reading of the Greek Tragedians: Being a Series of Articles on the Greek Drama, Greek Metres, and Canons of Criticism. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
https://archive.org/details/guidetoreadingof00majouoft/page/n4

Leonard Whibley (1931). A Companion to Greek Studies (4th Edition). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-49754-2.
A Companion To Greek Studies (2nd Edition 1906) - Leonard Whibley - Internet Archive

Classical studies : Fred W. Jenkins - Internet Archive


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Skene

Skene


Meant Tent or Booth. It was a place at the rear of the orchestra where actors could dress, change costume , and to emerge from or retreat into when they made their entrances and exits. It was originally a wooden structure or hut. By the 5th century BC the skene had evolved into a more permanent structure complete with a flat roof on top of the stage proper (logeion) where the actors performed, often with side wings (paraskenia). The central door or opening to the skene was sometimes called the royal door, as the skene itself often represented the royal palace in the play. Later on the wooden buildings were replaced by full stone structures

It was conventional practice in the period for classical dramas that characters never died on stage, instead they usually retreated into the skene to do so. Afterwards the corpse in a sculptural pose might be rolled out into public view on an ekkuklema. and  then pulled back in again through the central opening of the skene.


It has also be suggested that the skene acted as kind of off-stage, invisible room from which sounds could emerge and by their nature the audience was made to use its imagination to guess what has happened, perhaps a  murder, or an assassination, and moments later the truth of which was to revealed to the audience when the ekkuklema was rolled out with the corpse.
Logeion (Greek; pl. logeia meant a speaking place, a stage). A high stage was used by actors in Hellenistic theatres. Located behind the orchestra and before the skênê. The front of the logeion (stage) was supported by the hyposkênion (front wall of the proskenion). The remains of a logeion can be found at Priene, Turkey. The remains of access ramps from the paradoi to the logeion can be found at Sicyon, Greece.

The small room inside the skene used for storage of costumes and masks, and for dressing in was called the skenotheke,

There seems to have been a convention, from the audience's perspective, that the left (eastern) eisodos [passageway] led to the country, whereas the right (western) eisodos [passageway] was the route to the city.

During last quarter of the fifth century BC, the Skene had an upper storey with at least one window.


Aristotle (Poetics 1449a18) attributes to Sophocles the invention of skeno­graphia, referring to pictures painted on the skene.

References
Theatre of ancient Greece - Wikipedia

Greek - Roman Theatre Glossary (Ancient Theatre Archive Project)

Judith Winzenz (1999). The Attic Theatre. The Old Wooden Theatres at Athens: Ardent Media. pp. 164–.

New Arguments for a Skene Building in Early Greek Tragedy
https://www.logeion.upatras.gr › node

The stage in the Attic theatre of the 5th century, B.C. .. : Sanford, John Augustine

Townsend, R. F. (1986). The Fourth-Century Skene of the Theater of Dionysos at Athens. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 55(4), 421–438. https://doi.org/10.2307/148177 https://www.jstor.org/stable/148177

Simon Hornblower; Antony Spawforth; Esther Eidinow (2014). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Theatres (Greek and Roman) - Structure: Oxford University Press. pp. 776–. ISBN 978-0-19-870677-9.

Rees, Kelley. “The Function of the ΠΡΟΘΥΡΟΝ in the Production of Greek Plays.” Classical Philology, vol. 10, no. 2, 1915, pp. 117–138. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/261761.

Neil Croally; Roy Hyde (10 May 2011). Classical Literature: An Introduction. What did the audience see and hear?: Routledge. pp. 97–. ISBN 978-1-136-73662-9.

Performance in Greek and Roman Theatre - Google Books

Clifford Ashby (1999). Classical Greek Theatre: New Views of an Old Subject. University of Iowa Press. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-1-58729-463-1.

Clifford Ashby (1999). Classical Greek Theatre: New Views of an Old Subject. University of Iowa Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-1-58729-463-1.
THE SCENE HOUSE: The Dithyramb, Found Space, and the “Royal” Door pp. 62-80)

J. Walton (4 July 2013). The Greek Sense of Theatre. Routledge. pp. 37–. ISBN 978-1-134-37410-6.

Bakola, E. (2014). INTERIORITY, THE 'DEEP EARTH' AND THE SPATIAL SYMBOLISM OF DARIUS' APPARITION IN THE PERSIANS OF AESCHYLUS. The Cambridge Classical Journal, 60, 1-36. doi:10.2307/26430492   www.jstor.org/stable/26430492

Skene tragike. Eine Studie über die scenischen Anlagen auf der Orchestra des Aischylos und der anderen Tragiker. Universität Tübingen. Doktoren-Verzeichnis der Philosophischen Fakultät 1912. Ferdinand von Noack
https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005666835

The Fourth-Century Skene of the Theater of Dionysos at Athens
Rhys F. Townsend
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Vol. 55, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1986), pp. 421-438
Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/148177

John E. Thorburn (2005). The Facts on File Companion to Classical Drama. Paraskenion: Infobase Publishing. pp. 406–. ISBN 978-0-8160-7498-3.

Actors on high: the skene roof, the crane, and the gods in Attic drama
https://bit.ly/3fqCl6w
DJ Mastronarde - Classical Antiquity, 1990 - online.ucpress.edu

DOVER, K. J. (1966). THE SKENE IN ARISTOPHANES. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, 12 (192), 2–17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44712139

The Fifth-Century Skene: A New Model
George R. Kernodle
Educational Theatre Journal
Vol. 20, No. 4 (Dec., 1968), pp. 502-505
Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press
DOI: 10.2307/3204994
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3204994

Dr. Dörpfeld's Theory about the Logeion in Greek Theatres
A. E. Haigh
The Classical Review
Vol. 4, No. 6 (Jun., 1890), pp. 277-282
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association
https://www.jstor.org/stable/690610

The Relative Position of Actors and Chorus in the Greek Theatre of the V Century B. C. III. The Period of Euripides and Aristophanes
John Pickard
The American Journal of Philology
Vol. 14, No. 3 (1893), pp. 273-304 (32 pages)
Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Next Item
DOI: 10.2307/288072
https://www.jstor.org/stable/288072

The Stage of New Comedy
F. E. Winter
Phoenix
Vol. 37, No. 1 (Spring, 1983), pp. 38-47
Published by: Classical Association of Canada
DOI: 10.2307/1087312
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087312

The Scenery of the Greek Stage
Percy Gardner
The Journal of Hellenic Studies
Vol. 19 (1899), pp. 252-264 (13 pages)
Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
DOI: 10.2307/623852
https://www.jstor.org/stable/623852

Mastronarde, Donald J. “Actors on High: The Skene Roof, the Crane, and the Gods in Attic Drama.” Classical Antiquity, vol. 9, no. 2, 1990, pp. 247–294. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25010931.

DOVER, K. J. “THE SKENE IN ARISTOPHANES.” Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, no. 12 (192), 1966, pp. 2–17. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44712139.

BROWN, A. L. “THREE AND SCENE-PAINTING SOPHOCLES.” Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, no. 30 (210), 1984, pp. 1–17. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44698800.

Segal, Charles. “Visual Symbolism and Visual Effects in Sophocles.” The Classical World, vol. 74, no. 2, 1980, pp. 125–142. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4349272.


The Skene In Aristophanes
K. J. Dover
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
New Series, No. 12 (192) (1966), pp. 2-17 (16 pages)
Published by: Cambridge University Press
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44712139

Flickinger, R. C. (1930). The Theater of Aeschylus. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 61, 80–110. https://doi.org/10.2307/282795 https://www.jstor.org/stable/282795
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Stage Machinery

Deus ex machina - Wikipedia

 μηχανή ή αιώρημα [mechané and aiorema] or Deus ex machina
A kind of crane that presented gods hovering above the stage.
Latin for God from a machine, a translation of the Greek Θεὸς ἀπὸ μηχανῆς, Theos apo mēchanēs . An expression borrowed from the ancient classical theatre. The intervention of a divinity who solves abruptly a tragic difficulty, and quickly bring about its resolution. The god was brought on by the use stage machinery, hence the name. Examples of the use of this device are the appearance of Heracles in the Philoctetes and of Athena in the Iphigenia in Taurica.

Other well-known scenes where a Deus Ex Machina is employed:

Final scene of Aeschylus' Oresteia part III - Eumenides [The Furies] where the Goddess Athena enters from above.

In the Aeschylus' Suppliants where Aphrodite appears in Deus ex Machina fashion and absolves them of the murders.

In Euripides' Medea a chariot [on a crane] is sent by the Sun-God Helios to rescue Medea and take her off to safety in Athens.

Deus ex machina - The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

See also
Periaktos - Wikipedia
periaktoi, two wooden revolving prisms installed on either side of the stage, which were used for displaying and rapidly changing scenery

Ekkuklema [εκκύκλημα]

A platform on rollers [possibly invented by Aeschylus] primarily used for the display of still corpses as a tableau rather like a sculpture, used during tragedies to show murders or killings which had taken place off-stage, and rolled out of and back in again into the skene building.

Joel D. Eis (2014). The Function of the Ekkyklema in Greek Theatre: The Sculptural Display of Murdered Victims and the Success of Greek Tragedy for the State. Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-3527-8.

Tiziano Mariani (April 2015) Doctoral Thesis
Università degli Studi di Parma. Dipartimento di Antichistica, Lingue, Educazione e Filosofia
Macchine teatrali e funzionalità drammaturgica nella tragedia classica greca
[Theatre machinery and dramaturgic functionality in classical Greek tragedy]
https://hdl.handle.net/1889/2839          Abstract

Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines  Daremberg, Charles Victor - Internet Archive
EKKYKLÉMA

A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890) Exostra

Exostra - HellenicaWorld       (Balcony?)

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Eccyclema". Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/art/eccyclema.

Eccyclema - Greek theatre - Britannica

Ekkyklema und Mechané in der Inszenierung des griechischen Dramas
Hans-Joachim Newiger
https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/wja/article/view/27038/20732

References

The context of ancient drama pp 393-402: Csapo, Eric - Internet Archive
Appendix A: Pollux Onomasticon 4.99-154 [Book 4 Sections 99-154] 

Onomasticon: Pollux, Julius, of Naucratis - Internet Archive Pollux IV 128-31

Pollucis Onomasticon: e codicibus ab ipso collatis denuo edidit et adnotavit Ericus Bethe: Pollux, Julius, of Naucratis - Internet Archive  Pollux IV 128-31

The Attic Theatre Chapter IV The Scenery: A.E Haigh - Internet Archive

Dionysos, étude sur l'organisation matérielle du théâtre athénien by Octave Navarre - Internet Archive
CHAPITRE IX LES MACHINES pp 127-139

Stage Devices in Aristophanes by Janet Elizabeth Vincent

Clifford Ashby (1999). Classical Greek Theatre: New Views of an Old Subject. University of Iowa Press. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-1-58729-463-1.

Mechane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 Greek - Roman Theatre Glossary (Ancient Theatre Archive Project)

deus.ex.mechane.jpg (1008×630) Ancient Theatre Archive

Greek History - FOBISIA DRAMA 

Actors on High: The Skene Roof, the Crane, and the Gods in Attic Drama
Donald J. Mastronarde
Classical Antiquity
Vol. 9, No. 2 (Oct., 1990), pp. 247-294
Published by: University of California Press
Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25010931
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/61w4628m

David Wiles (1999). Tragedy in Athens: Performance Space and Theatrical Meaning. Chapter 8: The Vertical Axis: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–. ISBN 978-0-521-66615-2.

Marco Ceccarelli (2004). International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms. Springer. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-1-4020-2203-6.

The technology of the ancient Greek theatre
http://kotsanas.com/gb/cat.php?category=9

Argyris S. Papadogiannis, Marilena C. Tsakoumaki and Thomas G. Chondros
J. Mech. Des. 132(1), 011001 (Dec 09, 2009) (9 pages) doi:10.1115/1.4000530
Didaskalia - The Journal for Ancient PerformanceGraham Ley (2006). A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theater: Revised Edition. University of Chicago Press.. ISBN 978-0-226-47761-9.

Martin Revermann (8 August 2019). A Cultural History of Theatre in Antiquity. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-13530-7.
Chapter 9: Technologies of Performance: Machines, Props, Dramaturgy pp. 163-82
Peter von Möllendorff (translated from German by Martin Revermann)
Technologies of performance. Machines, props, dramaturgy - CORE

Actors on High: The Skene Roof, the Crane, and the Gods in Attic Drama
Donald J. Mastronarde
Classical Antiquity
Vol. 9, No. 2 (Oct., 1990), pp. 247-294
Published by: University of California Press
Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/25010931

Joel Eis (2014). The Function of the Ekkyklema in Greek Theatre: The Sculptural Display of Murdered Victims and the Success of Greek Tragedy for the State. Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-3527-8.


ekkylema.jpg (1008×630) Ancient Theatre Archive

A NEW THEORY OF THE EKKYKLEMA; AND (II.) TWO SHORT NOTES
CHARLES EXON
Hermathena
Vol. 11, No. 26 (1900), pp. 132-145 (14 pages)
Published by: Trinity College Dublin
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23036703

Anthropomorphism, Theatre, Epiphany: From Herodotus to Hellenistic Historians https://bit.ly/2PoXWlc

RK Piettre - Archiv für Religionsgeschichte, 2018 - halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr
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