Monday, 25 November 2013

Aristotle's Poetics 4th century BC,

Written in the 4th century BC Aristotle's Poetics is perhaps the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory. His book give us an insightful account of the theory of Greek tragedy. It seeks to explain how the elements of plot, character and spectacle all combine to produce feelings of shame and fear in us, and yet paradoxically pleasure (kalon) seems to derive from this apparently painful process. It presents the essential concepts of mimesis ('imitation'), hamartia ('fault') and catharsis ('purification'), all of which have been of serious concern to the theatre and dramtists ever since. It looks at why mythological heroes, although idealized figures of imagination, are still true to reality, all of which Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides brought to life on the stage. He explains how the best and most effective plays are ones based on complication and resolution, recognition ('anagnorisis') and reversal.

Chapter 6 contains Aristotle's famous definition of Tragedy:

Tragedy is a literary imitation of a sequence of actions, a sequence that is serious, complete in itself, and large in scope; its language is rendered pleasant sometimes by metrical means and sometimes by the addition of music; it is dramatic and not narrative; and by pity and fear brings about a katharsis of those emotions.

In this chapter Aristotle lists the components of Tragedy: plot, characterisation, diction, sentiment and arguments expressed in the dialogue, visual effects and music. Emphatically Aristotle says that the most important of these is plot.

Essentially Aristotle was a self-taught observational biologist. He saw living things evolving in an organic sense, not in a Darwinian sense that we might understand today, but as how embryos grow and develop from  an undifferentiated form, later called the Science of Epigenesis  In this sense Aristotle saw the world and things in it as a biological universe This type of thinking pervades all of his philosophy.


Aristotle's Dionysian Matrix - Eric Csapo





Aristotle (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Ancient Greek authors, Aristotle - Archive.org

Aristotle (384-322 BCE) - The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
Archived

Classical unities - Wikipedia

The Importance of Tragedy - Oxbridge Applications

What are the three rules of Greek tragedy?
The three unities are:
unity of action: a tragedy should have one principal action.
unity of time: the action in a tragedy should occur over a period of no more than 24 hours.
unity of place: a tragedy should exist in a single physical location.

Aristotle defined three key elements which make a tragedy: harmartia, anagnorisis, and peripeteia. Hamartia is a hero's tragic flaw; the aspect of the character which ultimately leads to their downfall.
What are the five 5 main structural features of Greek tragedy?

Aristotle names the basic parts as Prologos, Parodos, Epeisodion, Stasimon, and Exodos. Aristotle mentions another, optional, element—the Kommos, an antiphonal lament delivered by the chorus in the orchestra and actors on the stage.
What are the six main elements of a Greek tragedy? According to Aristotle, tragedy has six main elements, including plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle, and song.

Philosophy of Theater (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Aristotle’s Poetics Study Guide - GradeSaver
https://bit.ly/2VUtl2K
Allan Gotthelf; James G. Lennox (22 October 1987). Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology. Balme, David M. - The Place of Biology in Aristotle's Philosophy: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-0-521-31091-8.

Essays on Aristotle's Poetics - Internet Archive

The Poetics of Aristotle: translation and commentary by Stephen Halliwell - Internet Archive


Aristoteles; Gottfried Hermann (1802). Aristotelis De arte poetica liber. Fleischer. 

Gerald Frank Else (1957). Aristotle's poetics: the argument... Brill Archive.





Stephen Halliwell; Aristotle (December 1998). Aristotle's Poetics. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31394-8.

Gerald Frank Else (1957). Aristotle's poetics: the argument... Brill Archive.
 
Gerald Frank Else (1986). Plato and Aristotle on poetry. University of North Carolina Press.

Aristotle; Gerald Frank Else (1970). Poetics. University of Michigan Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 0-472-06166-6.

KIRBY, J. T. (1991). ARISTOTLE’S “POETICS”: THE RHETORICAL PRINCIPLE. Arethusa, 24(2), 197–217. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26309403

Malcolm Heath (1 January 1987). The Poetics of Greek Tragedy. Stanford University Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-8047-1398-6.

Aristotle; Longinus; Stephen Halliwell; Demetrius, Donald Andrew Russell, Doreen Innes. Aristotle. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99563-5.
Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vol. 23, translated by W.H. Fyfe (1932).
Aristotle, Poetics, Perseus Project section 1447a
  
BBC Radio 4 In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg
Aristotle's Poetics

BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, The Greek Myths



Aristotle (2006). Poetics. ISBN 978-81-317-0689-3.

Gunter Gebauer; Christoph Wulf (1995). Mimesis: Culture, Art, Society. University of California Press. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-0-520-08459-9.

Walter Watson (2012). The Lost Second Book of Aristotle's "Poetics". University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87508-8. 

Avicenna. Avicenna's Commentary on the Poetics of Aristotle: A Critical Study with an Annotated Translation of the Text. Brill Archive.. ISBN 90-04-03962-7.

Greek Tragedy (Penguin Classics) Imperial Library of Trantor
Preface to Poetics and Extracts from Poetics by Aristotle

The Poetics. Translated from Greek into English and from Arabic into Latin with a rev. text, introd., commentary, glossary and onomasticon: Aristotle - Internet Archive

Tractatus Coislinianus

Aristotle; Richard Janko (1987). Aristotle: Poetics: With the Tractatus Coislinianus, Reconstruction of Poetics II, and the Fragments of the On Poets Hackett Publishing. ISBN 0-87220-033-7.

Aristotle on comedy: towards a reconstruction of Poetics II: Janko, Richard - Internet Archive

Omert J. Schrier (1998). The Poetics of Aristotle and the Tractatus Coislinianus: A Bibliography from About 900 Till 1996. BRILL.ISBN 90-04-11132-8.

Who "Invented" Comedy? The Ancient Candidates for the Origins of Comedy and the Visual Evidence
Jeffrey Rusten
The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 127, No. 1 (Spring, 2006), pp. 37-66

Rosenstein, Leon. “On Aristotle and Thought in the Drama.” Critical Inquiry, vol. 3, no. 3, 1977, pp. 543–565. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1342939.

WISE, JENNIFER. “TRAGEDY AS ‘AN AUGURY OF A HAPPY LIFE.’” Arethusa, vol. 41, no. 3, 2008, pp. 381–410. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44578286.

HANINK, JOHANNA. “ARISTOTLE AND THE TRAGIC THEATER IN THE FOURTH CENTURY B.C.: A RESPONSE TO JENNIFER WISE.” Arethusa, vol. 44, no. 3, 2011, pp. 311–328. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44578369.





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Epidaurus


The Great Theatre of Epidaurus


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List of Ancient Greek Theatres - Wikipedia Articles and Others

References

The Context of Ancient Drama (1995): Eric Csapo and William J. Slater - Internet Archive
Chapter ID: Theater Buildings: Sources pp. 79-88

 List of ancient Greek theatres - Wikipedia

Liste de théâtres grecs antiques -Wikipédia

Teatri greci antichi - Wikipedia

Ancient Greek Theatres - UNESCO
Theatrum.De

Italien Theatrum.De

Türkei Theatrum.De

Griechenland Theatrum.De

SICILIA, Sizilien Theatrum.De

Syrien Theatrum.De

Zypern Theatrum.De

Ägypten Theatrum.De

Jordanien Theatrum.De






References

Even More Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis - Google Books

Roman Theatres: An Architectural Study - Frank Sear - Google Books

They Went to the Theatre - Towns in Asia Minor (Turkey) in the IInd century AD

A Social and Economic History of the Theatre to 300 BC: Volume 2, Theatre B... - Google Books

Dilke, O. A. W. (1950). Details and Chronology of Greek Theatre Caveas. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 45, 20–62. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30096747


D. S. Robertson (May 1969). Greek and Roman Architecture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09452-8.

Clifford Ashby (1999). Classical Greek Theatre: New Views of an Old Subject. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 978-1-58729-463-1.

 Eric Csapo; Hans Rupprecht Goette; J. Richard Green (18 June 2014). Greek Theatre in the Fourth Century BC. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-033755-6

> p.77 The Archaeology of the ‘Rural’ Dionysia in Attica by Hans Rupprecht Goette https://bit.ly/2VrRTir
> p.107 The Evolution of Theatre Architecture Outside Athens in the Fourth Century by Jean-Charles Moretti https://bit.ly/3ejlwv1

DEME THEATERS IN ATTICA AND THE TRITTYS SYSTEM
Jessica Paga
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Vol. 79, No. 3 (July-September 2010), pp. 351-384
Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40981054

A Social and Economic History of the Theatre to 300 BC: Volume 2, Theatre beyond Athens... - Eric Csapo, Peter Wilson - Google Books

Gebhard, E. (1974). The Form of the Orchestra in the Early Greek Theater. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 43(4), 428–440. https://doi.org/10.2307/147488 https://www.jstor.org/stable/147488

Arnott, W. G. (1968). Hellenistic Drama in Delos and Delphi [Review of Studies in the History of Hellenistic Drama, by G. M. Sifakis]. The Classical Review, 18(2), 184–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/708982

The Theater of the Sanctuary of Dionysus Eleuthereus in Late Fifth-Century Athens
JEAN-CHARLES MORETTI
Illinois Classical Studies
Vol. 24/25, Euripides and Tragic Theatre in the Late Fifth Century (1999-2000), pp. 377-398
Published by: University of Illinois Press
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23065378
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Theatre of Ancient Greece - Wikipedia Articles

References

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Dodona









References
Tim Cooke (2010). The New Cultural Atlas of the Greek World. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7878-2.

Dana Facaros; Linda Theodorou (2003). Greece. New Holland Publishers. pp. 431–. ISBN 978-1-86011-898-2.

Christopher Wordsworth (bp. of Lincoln.) (1839). Greece: pictorial, descriptive, and historical. pp. 247–.



David Sacks; Oswyn Murray; Lisa R. Brody (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World. Infobase Publishing. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-1-4381-1020-2.

Marc Dubin; John Fisher; Nick Edwards; Geoff Garvey (2008). The Rough Guide to Greece. Rough Guides Limited. pp. 897–. ISBN 978-1-84836-804-0.

Michelin (2012). Greece Green Guide Michelin 2012-2013. MICHELIN. pp. 259–. ISBN 978-2-06-718214-1.


(PDF) J. Piccinini, Dodona at the time of Augustus, A few notes ...

Jessica Piccinini (2019). The Shrine of Dodona in the Archaic and Classical Ages. A History. eum. ISBN 978-88-6056-547-1.


Other names in the literature
Dhramisius, Dramyssus, Dramyssos,  Dramisios [Dramesii Δραμεσιοί]  = Dodona

William Martin Leake (1835). Travels in Northern Greece. Volume 1 Dhramisius: J. Rodwell. pp. 264–. 
 
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