Sunday, 18 May 2014

Classic Studies

Classic Studies

 Godofredi Hermann (1796). De Metris Poetarum graecorum et romanorum,libri III. Libri III. Ges. Fleischer


John William Donaldson (1836). The Theatre of the Greeks: A Series of Papers Relating to the History and Criticism of the Greek Drama. J. Smith, printer to the University.
https://archive.org/details/theatregreeksin01greegoog/page/n9/mode/1up


The Theatre of the Greeks: A Series of Papers Relating to the History and Criticism of the Greek ... : John William Donaldson - Internet Archive

The theatre of the Greeks; a series of papers relating the history and criticism of the Greek drama
August Wilhelm von Schlegel (1815). A Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. Volume 1. Baldwin, Cradock and Joy.




Major, J. R. A Guide to the Reading of the Greek Tragedians. 1844


John William Donaldson (1849). The theatre of the Greeks

Wilhelm Dörpfeld; Emil Reisch. (1896) Das griechische theater.

John Homer Huddilston (1898). Greek Tragedy in the Light of Vase Paintings. Macmillan and Company, limited.



Sir Arthur Wallace Pickard-Cambridge; Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster (1927). Dithyramb, tragedy and comedy. Clarendon Press.

Arthur Wallace Pickard-Cambridge (1956). The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens. Clarendon Press.

 Arthur Wallace Pickard-Cambridge; John Gould; D. M. Lewis (1973). The Dramatic Festivals of Athens. Clarendon Press.

Oliver Taplin (1978 & 2003) Greek Tragedy in Action , Oxford University Press, Oxford.
PDF Link
Greek tragedy in action : Taplin, Oliver Paul Eric R. Dodds (16 June 2004). The Greeks and the Irrational. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-93127-5.

R. B. Rutherford (10 May 2012). Greek Tragic Style: Form, Language and Interpretation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-37707-3.

Histoire de la Litterature Grecque, Vol. I- Homere-la Poesie Cyclique-Hesiode https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.107026

Histoire de la Litterature Grecque, Vol. II- Lyrisme-Premiers Prosareurs-Herodote
https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.107025

Histoire de la Litterature Grecque, Vol. III- Periode Attique; Tragedie-Comedie-Genres Secondaires
https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.107023

Aristophanes and the Political Parties at Athens by Maurice Croiset- Internet Archive
https://archive.org/details/cu31924026468177

Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

Der Kleine Pauly

Brill's New Pauly/Der Neue Pauly

Brills New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World - 20 Volumes with Index
ISBN 9004122591 (set)

Der Neue Pauly :Enzyklopädie der Antike /herausgegeben von Hubert Cancik und Helmuth Schneider..
Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler, c1996-. ISBN 3476014703 (set); ISBN 9783476020536 (set : Suppl.);

A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890)

William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed.




Joannes Meursius (1619). Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, sive de tragoeddiis eorum, libri III

John Richardson Major (1844). A Guide to the Reading of the Greek Tragedians: Being a Series of Articles on the Greek Drama, Greek Metres, and Canons of Criticism. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
https://archive.org/details/guidetoreadingof00majouoft/page/n4

Leonard Whibley (1931). A Companion to Greek Studies (4th Edition). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-49754-2.
A Companion To Greek Studies (2nd Edition 1906) - Leonard Whibley - Internet Archive

Classical studies : Fred W. Jenkins - Internet Archive


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Skene

Skene


Meant Tent or Booth. It was a place at the rear of the orchestra where actors could dress, change costume , and to emerge from or retreat into when they made their entrances and exits. It was originally a wooden structure or hut. By the 5th century BC the skene had evolved into a more permanent structure complete with a flat roof on top of the stage proper (logeion) where the actors performed, often with side wings (paraskenia). The central door or opening to the skene was sometimes called the royal door, as the skene itself often represented the royal palace in the play. Later on the wooden buildings were replaced by full stone structures

It was conventional practice in the period for classical dramas that characters never died on stage, instead they usually retreated into the skene to do so. Afterwards the corpse in a sculptural pose might be rolled out into public view on an ekkuklema. and  then pulled back in again through the central opening of the skene.


It has also be suggested that the skene acted as kind of off-stage, invisible room from which sounds could emerge and by their nature the audience was made to use its imagination to guess what has happened, perhaps a  murder, or an assassination, and moments later the truth of which was to revealed to the audience when the ekkuklema was rolled out with the corpse.
Logeion (Greek; pl. logeia meant a speaking place, a stage). A high stage was used by actors in Hellenistic theatres. Located behind the orchestra and before the skênê. The front of the logeion (stage) was supported by the hyposkênion (front wall of the proskenion). The remains of a logeion can be found at Priene, Turkey. The remains of access ramps from the paradoi to the logeion can be found at Sicyon, Greece.

The small room inside the skene used for storage of costumes and masks, and for dressing in was called the skenotheke,

There seems to have been a convention, from the audience's perspective, that the left (eastern) eisodos [passageway] led to the country, whereas the right (western) eisodos [passageway] was the route to the city.

During last quarter of the fifth century BC, the Skene had an upper storey with at least one window.


Aristotle (Poetics 1449a18) attributes to Sophocles the invention of skeno­graphia, referring to pictures painted on the skene.

References
Theatre of ancient Greece - Wikipedia

Greek - Roman Theatre Glossary (Ancient Theatre Archive Project)

Judith Winzenz (1999). The Attic Theatre. The Old Wooden Theatres at Athens: Ardent Media. pp. 164–.

New Arguments for a Skene Building in Early Greek Tragedy
https://www.logeion.upatras.gr › node

The stage in the Attic theatre of the 5th century, B.C. .. : Sanford, John Augustine

Townsend, R. F. (1986). The Fourth-Century Skene of the Theater of Dionysos at Athens. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 55(4), 421–438. https://doi.org/10.2307/148177 https://www.jstor.org/stable/148177

Simon Hornblower; Antony Spawforth; Esther Eidinow (2014). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Theatres (Greek and Roman) - Structure: Oxford University Press. pp. 776–. ISBN 978-0-19-870677-9.

Rees, Kelley. “The Function of the ΠΡΟΘΥΡΟΝ in the Production of Greek Plays.” Classical Philology, vol. 10, no. 2, 1915, pp. 117–138. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/261761.

Neil Croally; Roy Hyde (10 May 2011). Classical Literature: An Introduction. What did the audience see and hear?: Routledge. pp. 97–. ISBN 978-1-136-73662-9.

Performance in Greek and Roman Theatre - Google Books

Clifford Ashby (1999). Classical Greek Theatre: New Views of an Old Subject. University of Iowa Press. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-1-58729-463-1.

Clifford Ashby (1999). Classical Greek Theatre: New Views of an Old Subject. University of Iowa Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-1-58729-463-1.
THE SCENE HOUSE: The Dithyramb, Found Space, and the “Royal” Door pp. 62-80)

J. Walton (4 July 2013). The Greek Sense of Theatre. Routledge. pp. 37–. ISBN 978-1-134-37410-6.

Bakola, E. (2014). INTERIORITY, THE 'DEEP EARTH' AND THE SPATIAL SYMBOLISM OF DARIUS' APPARITION IN THE PERSIANS OF AESCHYLUS. The Cambridge Classical Journal, 60, 1-36. doi:10.2307/26430492   www.jstor.org/stable/26430492

Skene tragike. Eine Studie über die scenischen Anlagen auf der Orchestra des Aischylos und der anderen Tragiker. Universität Tübingen. Doktoren-Verzeichnis der Philosophischen Fakultät 1912. Ferdinand von Noack
https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005666835

The Fourth-Century Skene of the Theater of Dionysos at Athens
Rhys F. Townsend
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Vol. 55, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1986), pp. 421-438
Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/148177

John E. Thorburn (2005). The Facts on File Companion to Classical Drama. Paraskenion: Infobase Publishing. pp. 406–. ISBN 978-0-8160-7498-3.

Actors on high: the skene roof, the crane, and the gods in Attic drama
https://bit.ly/3fqCl6w
DJ Mastronarde - Classical Antiquity, 1990 - online.ucpress.edu

DOVER, K. J. (1966). THE SKENE IN ARISTOPHANES. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, 12 (192), 2–17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44712139

The Fifth-Century Skene: A New Model
George R. Kernodle
Educational Theatre Journal
Vol. 20, No. 4 (Dec., 1968), pp. 502-505
Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press
DOI: 10.2307/3204994
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3204994

Dr. Dörpfeld's Theory about the Logeion in Greek Theatres
A. E. Haigh
The Classical Review
Vol. 4, No. 6 (Jun., 1890), pp. 277-282
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association
https://www.jstor.org/stable/690610

The Relative Position of Actors and Chorus in the Greek Theatre of the V Century B. C. III. The Period of Euripides and Aristophanes
John Pickard
The American Journal of Philology
Vol. 14, No. 3 (1893), pp. 273-304 (32 pages)
Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Next Item
DOI: 10.2307/288072
https://www.jstor.org/stable/288072

The Stage of New Comedy
F. E. Winter
Phoenix
Vol. 37, No. 1 (Spring, 1983), pp. 38-47
Published by: Classical Association of Canada
DOI: 10.2307/1087312
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087312

The Scenery of the Greek Stage
Percy Gardner
The Journal of Hellenic Studies
Vol. 19 (1899), pp. 252-264 (13 pages)
Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
DOI: 10.2307/623852
https://www.jstor.org/stable/623852

Mastronarde, Donald J. “Actors on High: The Skene Roof, the Crane, and the Gods in Attic Drama.” Classical Antiquity, vol. 9, no. 2, 1990, pp. 247–294. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25010931.

DOVER, K. J. “THE SKENE IN ARISTOPHANES.” Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, no. 12 (192), 1966, pp. 2–17. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44712139.

BROWN, A. L. “THREE AND SCENE-PAINTING SOPHOCLES.” Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, no. 30 (210), 1984, pp. 1–17. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44698800.

Segal, Charles. “Visual Symbolism and Visual Effects in Sophocles.” The Classical World, vol. 74, no. 2, 1980, pp. 125–142. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4349272.


The Skene In Aristophanes
K. J. Dover
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
New Series, No. 12 (192) (1966), pp. 2-17 (16 pages)
Published by: Cambridge University Press
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44712139

Flickinger, R. C. (1930). The Theater of Aeschylus. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 61, 80–110. https://doi.org/10.2307/282795 https://www.jstor.org/stable/282795
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Stage Machinery

Deus ex machina - Wikipedia

 μηχανή ή αιώρημα [mechané and aiorema] or Deus ex machina
A kind of crane that presented gods hovering above the stage.
Latin for God from a machine, a translation of the Greek Θεὸς ἀπὸ μηχανῆς, Theos apo mēchanēs . An expression borrowed from the ancient classical theatre. The intervention of a divinity who solves abruptly a tragic difficulty, and quickly bring about its resolution. The god was brought on by the use stage machinery, hence the name. Examples of the use of this device are the appearance of Heracles in the Philoctetes and of Athena in the Iphigenia in Taurica.

Other well-known scenes where a Deus Ex Machina is employed:

Final scene of Aeschylus' Oresteia part III - Eumenides [The Furies] where the Goddess Athena enters from above.

In the Aeschylus' Suppliants where Aphrodite appears in Deus ex Machina fashion and absolves them of the murders.

In Euripides' Medea a chariot [on a crane] is sent by the Sun-God Helios to rescue Medea and take her off to safety in Athens.

Deus ex machina - The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

See also
Periaktos - Wikipedia
periaktoi, two wooden revolving prisms installed on either side of the stage, which were used for displaying and rapidly changing scenery

Ekkuklema [εκκύκλημα]

A platform on rollers [possibly invented by Aeschylus] primarily used for the display of still corpses as a tableau rather like a sculpture, used during tragedies to show murders or killings which had taken place off-stage, and rolled out of and back in again into the skene building.

Joel D. Eis (2014). The Function of the Ekkyklema in Greek Theatre: The Sculptural Display of Murdered Victims and the Success of Greek Tragedy for the State. Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-3527-8.

Tiziano Mariani (April 2015) Doctoral Thesis
Università degli Studi di Parma. Dipartimento di Antichistica, Lingue, Educazione e Filosofia
Macchine teatrali e funzionalità drammaturgica nella tragedia classica greca
[Theatre machinery and dramaturgic functionality in classical Greek tragedy]
https://hdl.handle.net/1889/2839          Abstract

Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines  Daremberg, Charles Victor - Internet Archive
EKKYKLÉMA

A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890) Exostra

Exostra - HellenicaWorld       (Balcony?)

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Eccyclema". Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/art/eccyclema.

Eccyclema - Greek theatre - Britannica

Ekkyklema und Mechané in der Inszenierung des griechischen Dramas
Hans-Joachim Newiger
https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/wja/article/view/27038/20732

References

The context of ancient drama pp 393-402: Csapo, Eric - Internet Archive
Appendix A: Pollux Onomasticon 4.99-154 [Book 4 Sections 99-154] 

Onomasticon: Pollux, Julius, of Naucratis - Internet Archive Pollux IV 128-31

Pollucis Onomasticon: e codicibus ab ipso collatis denuo edidit et adnotavit Ericus Bethe: Pollux, Julius, of Naucratis - Internet Archive  Pollux IV 128-31

The Attic Theatre Chapter IV The Scenery: A.E Haigh - Internet Archive

Dionysos, étude sur l'organisation matérielle du théâtre athénien by Octave Navarre - Internet Archive
CHAPITRE IX LES MACHINES pp 127-139

Stage Devices in Aristophanes by Janet Elizabeth Vincent

Clifford Ashby (1999). Classical Greek Theatre: New Views of an Old Subject. University of Iowa Press. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-1-58729-463-1.

Mechane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 Greek - Roman Theatre Glossary (Ancient Theatre Archive Project)

deus.ex.mechane.jpg (1008×630) Ancient Theatre Archive

Greek History - FOBISIA DRAMA 

Actors on High: The Skene Roof, the Crane, and the Gods in Attic Drama
Donald J. Mastronarde
Classical Antiquity
Vol. 9, No. 2 (Oct., 1990), pp. 247-294
Published by: University of California Press
Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25010931
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/61w4628m

David Wiles (1999). Tragedy in Athens: Performance Space and Theatrical Meaning. Chapter 8: The Vertical Axis: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–. ISBN 978-0-521-66615-2.

Marco Ceccarelli (2004). International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms. Springer. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-1-4020-2203-6.

The technology of the ancient Greek theatre
http://kotsanas.com/gb/cat.php?category=9

Argyris S. Papadogiannis, Marilena C. Tsakoumaki and Thomas G. Chondros
J. Mech. Des. 132(1), 011001 (Dec 09, 2009) (9 pages) doi:10.1115/1.4000530
Didaskalia - The Journal for Ancient PerformanceGraham Ley (2006). A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theater: Revised Edition. University of Chicago Press.. ISBN 978-0-226-47761-9.

Martin Revermann (8 August 2019). A Cultural History of Theatre in Antiquity. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-13530-7.
Chapter 9: Technologies of Performance: Machines, Props, Dramaturgy pp. 163-82
Peter von Möllendorff (translated from German by Martin Revermann)
Technologies of performance. Machines, props, dramaturgy - CORE

Actors on High: The Skene Roof, the Crane, and the Gods in Attic Drama
Donald J. Mastronarde
Classical Antiquity
Vol. 9, No. 2 (Oct., 1990), pp. 247-294
Published by: University of California Press
Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/25010931

Joel Eis (2014). The Function of the Ekkyklema in Greek Theatre: The Sculptural Display of Murdered Victims and the Success of Greek Tragedy for the State. Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-3527-8.


ekkylema.jpg (1008×630) Ancient Theatre Archive

A NEW THEORY OF THE EKKYKLEMA; AND (II.) TWO SHORT NOTES
CHARLES EXON
Hermathena
Vol. 11, No. 26 (1900), pp. 132-145 (14 pages)
Published by: Trinity College Dublin
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23036703

Anthropomorphism, Theatre, Epiphany: From Herodotus to Hellenistic Historians https://bit.ly/2PoXWlc

RK Piettre - Archiv für Religionsgeschichte, 2018 - halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr
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Friday, 16 May 2014

Agon

Agon is the formal contest or debate, the tension, that takes place between the two principal characters on the stage, the protagonist and antagonist, in the highly structured tragedies of classical Greek drama. Agon could either be between an actor and the chorus, or between two actors, with the chorus being divided in two halves each of which halves supporting one or the other side of the debate. The argument in these performances resembled the dialogue that might take place in a court of law, in which the two characters confront each other with long speeches, often before an arbitrator or judge: sometimes this latter could be a character playing a god, or even a deus ex machina who has arrived out of nowhere to resolve the apparently unresolvable dispute or situation. More often than not it was the audience itself who sat as the jury in these cases. In this manner Agon resembled the dialectical dialogues of the Ancient Greek philosophers, in which rhetoric was the principal skill used. The Agon debate could be a war. The Agon could be the opposing psychological tensions in the mind of a single character, that is the agony faced by that character as (s)he tries to resolve his or her dilemma. A well-structured Agon was and still is essential to an effective and good drama. Understanding the Agon is the key to understanding the tragedy.

In an Agon it was always the prosecutor who spoke first; the defendant spoke second. After an Agon the plot was never resolved, the differences between the two parties only deepened and became more tragic.


Michael Lloyd (1992). The Agon in Euripides. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814778-7.
Amazon.com 9780198147787 Books

Richard Garner (18 March 2014). Law and Society in Classical Athens (Routledge Revivals). Chapter 4: Law and Drama: Routledge. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-1-317-80051-4.

Jacqueline Duchemin (1968). L'agōn dans la tragédie grecque. Société d'édition "Les Belles lettres,"

 Michael A. Lloyd (1992). The Agon in Euripides. Clarendon Press.  ISBN 978-0-19-814778-7.

Flickinger, R. C. (1922). The Greek theater and its drama. University of Chicago Press.

P. E. Easterling (1997). The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-0-521-42351-9.

Neil T. Croally (2007). Euripidean Polemic: The Trojan Women and the Function of Tragedy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-0-521-04112-6.

David Sansone (30 July 2012). Greek Drama and the Invention of Rhetoric. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-35837-5.

The Agon of the Old Comedy
Milton W. Humphreys
The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 8, No. 2 (1887), pp. 179-206
Article DOI: 10.2307/287385

The Agon in Greek Tragedy
A. W. Pickard-Cambridge
The Classical Review
Vol. 61, No. 1 (May, 1947), pp. 13-15


Collard, C. “Formal Debates in Euripides' Drama.” Greece & Rome, vol. 22, no. 1, 1975, pp. 58–71. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/642833.
The Language of the Theatre: I. The Greeks and Romans
Joel Trapido
Educational Theatre Journal
Vol. 1, No. 1 (Oct., 1949), pp. 18-26
Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3204106James Fredal (2006). Rhetorical Action in Ancient Athens: Persuasive Artistry from Solon to Demosthenes. SIU Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2594-8.
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Thursday, 15 May 2014

Theatre of Sykyon



This theatre was discovered between 1887 and 1891 by the American Academy of Classical Studies by the ancient town of Sikyon, in the north east of the Peloponnese. It is situated on the hill of the acropolis. The theatre is perhaps the largest in Greece, the orchestra having a diameter of 20m and a concave of 125m in length. It dates from the end of 4th century BC to the early 3rd century BC. The site has a view over the Corinthian gulf,  and is but a short distance from the sea. The site is suffering from erosion.


Wikimapia - Sikyona



Excavations by the American School at the Theatre of Sikyon. I. General Report of the Excavations
W. J. McMurtry
The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Sep., 1889), pp. 267-286
Article DOI: 10.2307/496313
Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/496313

Excavations by the American School at the Theatre of Sikyon. II. Supplementary Report of the Excavations
Mortimer Lamson Earle
The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Sep., 1889), pp. 286-292
Published by: Archaeological Institute of America
Article DOI: 10.2307/496314
Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/496314

Excavations by the American School at the Theatre of Sikyon. III. A Sikyonian Statue
Mortimer Lamson Earle
The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Sep., 1889), pp. 292-303
Article DOI: 10.2307/496315

Supplementary Excavations at the Theatre of Sikyon, in 1891(pp. 281-282)
Mortimer Lamson Earle
http://www.jstor.org/stable/496095

Theatrum DE SIKYON


Images







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Tuesday, 13 May 2014

Euripides


Bust of Euripides: Neues Museum Berlin
Aristotle Poetics


[1458b] [20] For instance, Aeschylus and Euripides wrote the same iambic line with the change of one word only, a rare word in place of one made ordinary by custom, yet the one line seems beautiful and the other trivial. Aeschylus in the Philoctetes wrote, "The ulcer eats the flesh of this my foot," and Euripides instead of "eats" put "feasts upon."

[1460b] Sophocles said that he portrayed people as they ought to be and Euripides portrayed them as they are.

Euripides' plays manifest an Athenocentricism, praising Athenians' love of beauty, the grace of its citizens and its superior cultural life. He praises Athenian justice and its ancestral bloodlines. He even praises the intelligence of Athens' slaves, as advisers and tutors. Many are superior to those who are free.

In 431 BC it is estimated 300,000 persons lived in Athens, of which metics [immigrants] comprised 25,000 and slaves 100,000.

Euripides liked to set his plays in lands wherever the Greeks might go whether that was the central Greek landscapes with its cities and shrines or Egypt, Colchis, Thrace and Crimea. He liked to cast his tragedies with multi-ethnic characters: for example, eunuchs from Phrygia or Phoenicia on their way to Delphi and its Oracle.

Some see Euripides as the destroyer of the classical Greek tragic theatre that was Sophocles and Aeschylus. Others see that he incorporated radical innovations into its medium. He had several major themes: he seems seriously to have been against the follies of war;  many of his plays concern the injustices done to women; as far as the Greek religious experience is concerned he is utterly religiously sceptic, can that religion be reconciled in any way with the reality of human life. 

 References

Euripides Biography - life, family, children, son, information, born, time

Ancient Writers Volume I p.233- Euripides : Greece and Rome - Internet Archive

Euripides - Tom's Learning Notes


Euripides - GreekMythology.com 

Euripides Scholia: Home

David Kovacs (1994). Euripidea. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09926-3.
Euripides - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

Mary R. Lefkowitz (2 April 2012). The Lives of the Greek Poets. Chapter 9: Life of Euripides: JHU Press. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-1-4214-0464-6.
The Euripides Vita - Mary R. Lefkowitz

Euripides - 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eb11-euripides.asp

Knobl, Ranja (2008) Biographical representations of Euripides. Some examples of their development from classical antiquity to Byzantium, Durham theses, Durham University.
Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2190/


P. E. Easterling; E. W. Handley (9 May 1985). The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Volume 1, Greek Literature. Chapter 10 Tragedy - 5. Euripides: Cambridge University Press. pp. 316–. ISBN 978-0-521-21042-3.

Gilbert Murray. Euripides and His Age. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978-1-4655-7904-1.


Gilbert Murray (1946). Euripides and His Age. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978-1-4655-7904-1.
Euripides and His Age by Gilbert Murray

Euripides and his Age (1913) [The original 1913 version of Murray's famous introduction to the works of the ancient Athenian playwright Euripides (ca. 480-406 B.C.) Wikipedia] HTML HTML zipped Text Text zipped EPUB [PGC #709]

Euripides - Christopher Collard

Simon Hornblower; Antony Spawforth; Esther Eidinow (29 March 2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Euripides: OUP Oxford. pp. 551–3. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.Nigel Wilson (31 October 2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Euripides: Taylor & Francis. pp. 281–. ISBN 978-1-136-78799-7.

Günther Zuntz (1955). The Political Plays of Euripides. Manchester University Press

Euripides : comprehensive research and study guide - Internet Archive
Laura K. McClure (17 January 2017). A Companion to Euripides. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-25750-9.

Brill's Companion to the Reception of Euripides. BRILL. 17 September 2015. ISBN 978-90-04-29981-8.

Michael A. Lloyd; Senior Lecturer in Classics Michael Lloyd, Cap (1992). The Agon in Euripides. Clarendon Press. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-19-814778-7.

Euripides (2013). Delphi Complete Works of Euripides (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1-909496-47-7.

 Anne Pippin Burnett (1985). Catastrophe Survived: Euripides' Plays of Mixed Reversal. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814038-2.

The imagery of Euripides : a study in the dramatic use of pictorial language

Euripides NJ Lowe - Narrators, Narratees, and Narratives in Ancient Greek 2004

https://archive.org/details/catastrophesurvi0000burn

Henry Grey (F.R.B.S.) (1881). The classics for the million, an epitome, in English, of the works of the principal Greek and Latin authors. Euripides. pp. 55–.

Euripides John Pentland Mahaffy


William Bodham Donne (1872). Euripides.

The Hippolytus of Euripides, ed. by J.P. Mahaffy and J.B. Bury - Euripides

Euripides (1867). The Crowned Hippolytus of Euripides, together with a selection from the pastoral and Lyric poets of Greece, tr. into Engl. verse by M.P. Fitz-Gerald.

Euripides and His Age - Euripides Gilbert Murray
Euripides and His Age - Wikisource

Euripides' Bacchae, Classical Drama and Theatre

Euripides - Perseus
Ian C. Storey; Arlene Allan (2008). A Guide to Ancient Greek Drama. Play Synopses: Euripides: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 258–. ISBN 978-1-4051-3763-8.

Victoria Wohl (2015). Euripides and the Politics of Form. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6640-3.
Alan Beale (25 February 2014). Euripides Talks. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4725-2129-3.

 Anne Norris Michelini (2006). Euripides and the Tragic Tradition. Univ of Wisconsin Press.  ISBN 978-0-299-10764-2.

Mark Ringer (2016). Euripides and the Boundaries of the Human. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-1844-4.

Philip Vellacott (12 June 1975). Ironic Drama: A Study of Euripides' Method and Meaning. CUP Archive. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-521-09896-0.

Neil T. Croally (20 October 1994). Euripidean Polemic: The Trojan Women and the Function of Tragedy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46490-1.

Euripidean Tragedy and Theology - D.J. Mastronarde

Donald J. Mastronarde (2010). The Art of Euripides: Dramatic Technique and Social Context. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-48688-0.

Laura K. McClure (17 January 2017). A Companion to Euripides. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-25750-9.

Directions in Euripidean Criticism - Internet Archive

A concordance to Euripides : Allen, James Turney, b. 1873 -  Internet Archive https://bit.ly/3dCVTEr

Supplement to the Allen & Italie concordance to Euripides : Collard, C. - Internet Archive https://bit.ly/2YSbzzx

Michael Halleran (17 June 2014). Stagecraft in Euripides (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-80030-9.

David Seale (2014). Vision and Stagecraft in Sophocles. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-18174-5.

Justina Gregory (28 July 1997). Euripides and the Instruction of the Athenians. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08443-7.

Harvey Yunis (1988). A New Creed: Fundamental Religious Beliefs in the Athenian Polis and Euripidean Drama. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-25190-4.

The Tragic Drama Of The Greeks : A.E. Haigh - Internet Archive Euripides

David Bain. (1990). Religion in Euripides [Review of A New Creed: Fundamental Religious Beliefs in the Athenian Polis and Euripidean Drama, by Harvey Yunis]. The Classical Review, 40(2), 221–223. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3066047
A New Creed - Google Books https://bit.ly/3svbHls

Dodds, E. R. “Euripides the Irrationalist. (A Paper Read before the Classical Association, April 12, 1929).” The Classical Review, vol. 43, no. 3, 1929, pp. 97–104. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/700798.

The Political Plays of Euripides - Google Books

Burian, P., ed. Directions in Euripidean Criticism (1985)

Halleran, M. Stagecraft in Euripides (1985)

Michelini, A.N. Euripides and the Tragic Tradition (1987)

Segal, E., ed. Euripides

Tradition and Innovation in a Euripidean Tragedy - CORE

The Music of Tragedy: Performance and Imagination in Euripidean Theater
Naomi A. Weiss
Copyright Date: 2018
Edition: 1
Published by: University of California Press
Pages: 304
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1x3s3tx
Naomi A. Weiss (2018). The Music of Tragedy: Performance and Imagination in Euripidean Theater. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-29590-2.

Euripidean Tragedy and Genre: The Terminology and its Problems
DONALD J. MASTRONARDE
Illinois Classical Studies
Vol. 24/25, Euripides and Tragic Theatre in the Late Fifth Century (1999-2000), pp. 23-39 (17 pages)
Published by: University of Illinois Press
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23065356

'Impiety' and 'Atheism' in Euripides' Dramas
Mary R. Lefkowitz
The Classical Quarterly
Vol. 39, No. 1 (1989), pp. 70-82
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association
https://www.jstor.org/stable/639242

COMEDY, EURIPIDES, AND THE WAR(S)
IAN C. STOREY
Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement
No. 87, GREEK DRAMA III: ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF KEVIN LEE (2006), pp. 171-186
Published by: Oxford University Press
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43768117

Euripides and Tragic Theatre in the Late Fifth Century
Illinois Classical Studies
Vol. 24/25, 1999-2000
Published by: University of Illinois Press
https://www.jstor.org/stable/i23065276

Euripidean Drama: Myth, Theme and Structure
D. J. Conacher
Series: Heritage
Copyright Date: 1967
Published by: University of Toronto Press
Pages: 372
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1gxxrjr

Collard, C. “Formal Debates in Euripides' Drama.” Greece & Rome, vol. 22, no. 1, 1975, pp. 58–71. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/642833.

Desmond J. Conacher (15 December 1967). Euripidean Drama: Myth, Theme and Structure. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. ISBN 978-1-4426-3759-7.
Euripidean drama : myth, theme and structure : Conacher, D. J - Internet Archive

Shirley D. Sullivan (24 April 2000). Euripides' Use of Psychological Terminology. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-6843-3.


Annotated Versions of Plays by Euripides

 Euripides (20 September 2001). The Trojan Women and Other Plays. Oxford World's Classics.  Hecuba, The Trojan Women, Andromache: OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-160618-2.
[9780192839879]

Euripides (1998). Medea and Other Plays.  Medea, Hippolytus, Electra, Helen: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-282442-4.

Euripides, (2008). Bacchae and Other Plays. Oxford World's Classics. Iphigenia among the Taurians, Bacchae, Iphigenia at Aulis, Rhesus: OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-954052-5.

Euripides; James Morwood (2001). Orestes and Other Plays. Oxford World's Classics. Ion, Orestes, The Phoenician Women, The Suppliant Women: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283260-3.

Euripides (2003). Heracles and Other Plays. Oxford World's Classics. Alcestis, Heracles, Children of Heracles, Cyclops: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283259-7.

Works by Euripides

Euripides (1831). Euripidis Tragoediae. Volume 2 Part 1 In libraria Weidmannia. 


Alcestis 
   Written 438 B.C.E
   Translated by Richard Aldington
Andromache 
   Written 428-24 B.C.E
   Translated by E. P. Coleridge
The Bacchantes 
   Written 410 B.C.E
The Cyclops 
   Written ca. 408 B.C.E
   Translated by E. P. Coleridge
Electra 
   Written 420-410 B.C.E
   Translated by E. P. Coleridge
Hecuba 
   Written 424 B.C.E
   Translated by E. P. Coleridge
Helen 
   Written 412 B.C.E
   Translated by E. P. Coleridge
The Heracleidae 
   Written ca. 429 B.C.E
   Translated by E. P. Coleridge
Heracles 
   Written 421-416 B.C.E
   Translated by E. P. Coleridge
Hippolytus 
   Written 428 B.C.E
   Translated by E. P. Coleridge
Ion 
   Written 414-412 B.C.E
   Translated by Robert Potter
Iphigenia At Aulis 
   Written 410 B.C.E
Iphigenia in Tauris 
   Written 414-412 B.C.E
   Translated by Robert Potter
Medea 
   Written 431 B.C.E
   Translated by E. P. Coleridge
Orestes 
   Written 408 B.C.E
   Translated by E. P. Coleridge
The Phoenissae 
   Written 411-409 B.C.E
   Translated by E. P. Coleridge
Rhesus 
   Written 450 B.C.E
The Suppliants 
   Written 422 B.C.E
   Translated by E. P. Coleridge
The Trojan Women 
   Written 415 B.C.E

Euripides I :

Euripides II :
Euripides III : Hecuba, Andromache, The Trojan Women, Ion

Euripides IV:
Euripides; Richmond Alexander Lattimore; David Grene (1958). Euripides IV. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-30783-1.

Euripides V


Methuen

Euripides Plays 1: Medea, The Phoenician Women. Bacchae ISBN 978-0413175502
Euripides Plays 2: Hecuba, The Women of Troy, Iphigenia at Aulis, Cyclops ISBN 978-0413164209
Euripides Plays 3: Alkestis, Helen, Ion ISBN 978-0413716200
Euripides Plays 4: Elektra, Orestes, Iphigeneia in Tauris ISBN 978-0413716309
Euripides Plays 5: Andromache, Herakles' Children, Herakles ISBN 978-0413716309
Euripides Plays 6: Hippolytos, Suppliants, Rhesos ISBN 978-0413716507


Wikisource

Works

Compilations

    The Plays of Euripides, translated by Edward P. Coleridge
    Vol. 1 (1910) Vol. 2 (1913)
      https://archive.org/details/playseuripides02colegoog/page/n11/mode/2up

      https://archive.org/details/playseuripides00colegoog/page/n11/mode/2up

      Gilbert Murray TranslationsVolume I Hippolytus -- The Trojan Women -- The Bacchae

      Volume II Medea -- Iphigenia in Tauris -- Electra

      Works by Euripides on Project Gutenberg


      Wikipedia Articles on Euripides' Plays

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