Monday, 8 June 2020

Chronology of Ancient Greece



pp. 403-6: Appendix B - Chronological Tables




Chapter II:  HISTORY. (pp. 41-).  

1. CHRONOLOGY (pp. 41-)

§62 The conventional chronology p.41 
§63 Methods of dating p.42 
§64 Pedigrees p.44 
§65 Critical estimate p.50 
§66 Race and language. Neighbours p.51 
§67 Foreign influence  p.51 
§68 Divisions of Greek stock p.52 
§69 Common names for the Greeks p.52 
§70 Settlement p.52 
§71 Mycenaean age p.53 
§72 Migrations p.54 
§73 Expansion of Greece p.54 


2, CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES (pp.55-86)

§76 (pp. 62-4) The Persian Wars [500-479 BC]

§77 (pp. 64-8) The Pentecontaety [478-431 BC]

§78 (pp. 68-73) The Peloponnesian War [431-404 BC]



§80 (pp. 76-80) The greatness of Thebes and the rise of Macedon [370-338 BC]


§82 (pp. 84-6) Federal Greece to the battle of Sellasia: [280-220 BC]

§83 (pp.86-8) The Roman domination [220-146 BC]
The history of the manners and customs of ancient Greece: J.A. St. John Volume 1
The history of the manners and customs of ancient Greece: J.A. St. John Volume 2
The history of the manners and customs of ancient Greece: J.A. St John Volume.3

The Classical world bibliography of Greek and Roman history - Internet Archive

Tuesday, 2 June 2020

Ancient Greek Legal System

The Ancient Greek Legal System Illustrated in Ancient Greek Drama

The Athenian Legal System: Historical Context
Classical Athens had no professional judges or lawyers; its courts were large assemblies of citizen-jurors chosen by lot. After Solon's reforms (594 BC) any citizen of the four property classes could serve as juror. Archons (magistrates) convened trials but gave no legal advice - the jurors themselves heard the case and voted by secret ballot. Trial verdicts were decided by majority, often in juries of hundreds (minimum 201, typically 501, 1001 or even 1501). Jurors were paid a small stipend so that poorer citizens could afford to serve. Punishments ranged from fines or scourging to exile or death; notably, Athenian courts could vote ostracism to exile those feared as potential tyrants. Courts met in roofed halls in the Agora; archaeologists have found ancient ballot boxes used to select jurors.

Aeschylus - Oresteia: From Vendetta to Civic Justice
In Eumenides, Aeschylus dramatizes the trial of Orestes on the Areopagus hill - a mythical founding of Athens' homicide court. Athena presides and institutes a jury to vote on Orestes' guilt. The tie-breaking vote by Athena acquits him, symbolizing the replacement of blood-feud with civic justice. The play celebrates the rule of law and institutionalized justice, echoing the establishment of democratic courts in Athens.

Sophocles - Antigone: State Law versus Divine Justice
Antigone confronts King Creon's edict forbidding her brother's burial. She argues for unwritten divine laws over human laws. Creon's authoritarian enforcement leads to tragedy, suggesting that laws lacking ethical or religious foundation can undermine society. The play dramatizes conflict between physis (natural law) and nomos (human law), posing questions of legal legitimacy and justice.

Euripides - The Suppliant Women: Democracy and the Rule of Law
Theseus, the Athenian king, refuses to act unilaterally to recover fallen Argive warriors. He consults the Athenian Assembly, showing that decisions of justice must be authorized by the citizen body. Euripides portrays Athens as a paragon of democratic, lawful, and pious governance, in contrast to despotic Thebes.

Aristophanes - Wasps: Satire of the Judicial System
Wasps mocks the Athenian obsession with litigation. Philocleon, addicted to jury service, symbolizes civic
over-participation. Aristophanes critiques the influence of politicians like Cleon and the economic motives behind juror pay. The comedy reflects public anxieties about corruption, populism, and misuse of the legal system.

References

Aeschylus. (2004). The Oresteia (R. Fagles, Trans.). Penguin Classics.
Sophocles. (2003). Antigone (R. Fagles, Trans.). Penguin Classics.
Euripides. (1992). The Suppliant Women (D. Grene & R. Lattimore, Eds.). University of Chicago Press.
Aristophanes. (1998). Wasps (J. Henderson, Trans.). Loeb Classical Library.
Carey, C. (1997). Trials from Classical Athens. Routledge.
Ehrenberg, V. (1960). The Greek State (2nd ed.). Methuen.
Finley, M. I. (1983). Politics in the Ancient World. Cambridge University Press.
Gagarin, M. (1986). Early Greek Law. University of California Press.
Hansen, M. H. (1991). The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes. Blackwell.
Lanni, A. (2006). Law and Justice in the Courts of Classical Athens. Cambridge University Press.
The Ancient Greek Legal System Illustrated in Greek Drama
MacDowell, D. M. (1978). The Law in Classical Athens. Cornell University Press.
Osborne, R. (1996). Greece in the Making: 1200-479 BC. Routledge.
Blundell, S. (1995). Women in Ancient Greece. Harvard University Press.
American School of Classical Studies at Athens. (Various years).
The Athenian Agora. Princeton University Press.


 References

Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece - Internet Archive
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John Robinson (1807). Archaeologia Graeca or the Antiquities of Greece: Being account of the Manners and Customs of the Greeks. Chapter XV: Courts of Justice: R. Phillips. pp. 67–.

Featured Object: Ancient Athenian Juror’s Ticket, Blog, Spurlock Museum, U of I


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Nigel Wilson (31 October 2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Law: Routledge. pp. 418–. ISBN 978-1-136-78800-0.

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The Lawcourts at Athens: Sites, Buildings, Equipment, Procedure, and Testimonia
Author(s): Alan L. Boegehold, John McK. Camp, II, Margaret Crosby, Mabel Lang, David R.Jordan and Rhys F. Townsend
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Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3602008





Dikasteria/Court - Ancient Greece



The Lawcourts at Athens: Sites, Buildings, Equipment, Procedure, and Testimonia
Author(s): Alan L. Boegehold, John McK. Camp, II, Margaret Crosby, Mabel Lang, David R.Jordan and Rhys F. Townsend
Source: The Athenian Agora, Vol. 28, The Lawcourts at Athens: Sites, Buildings,Equipment, Procedure, and Testimonia (1995), pp. iii-v+vii-xxviii+1+3-51+53-113+115+117-241+243+245-25
Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3602008

The Establishment of the Public Courts at Athens

Author(s): Stanley Barney Smith
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Factional Conflict and Solon's Reforms
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Published by: Classical Association of Canada
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Did democracy transform Athenian space?
Author(s): Robin Osborne
Source: British School at Athens Studies, Vol. 15, BUILDING COMMUNITIES: House,Settlement and Society in the Aegean and Beyond (2007), pp. 195-199
Published by: British School at Athens
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The Athenian Courts for Homicide
Author(s): Raphael Sealey
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The Role of Ephialtes in the Rise of Athenian Democracy
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Ephialtes
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Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/266699

Democracy Denied: Why Ephialtes Attacked the Areiopagus
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DIKASTIC PARTICIPATION 
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Themistokles' Archonship
Author(s): H. T. Wade-Gery
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The Cleroterium

Author(s): J. D. Bishop
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The Oikos in Athenian Law
Douglas M. MacDowell
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Law-Making at Athens in the Fourth Century B.C.
Douglas M. MacDowell
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Draco in the Hearts of His Countrymen
Author(s): Alfred C. Schlesinger
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La législation de Solon : une solution à la crise agraire d'Athènes ?
Louise-Marie L'HOMME-WERY
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The Shape of Athenian law : Todd, S. C.- Internet Archive

Theft in Athenian law : Cohen, David- Internet Archive

Law & Society in Classical Athens : Garner, Richard - Internet Archive

The Homicide Courts of Ancient Athens on JSTOR

The Law of Ancient Athens - David Phillips - Google Books

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Spartan Law : MacDowell (Douglas Maurice) - Internet Archive

The Oxford classical dictionary: eisangelia - Internet Archive

The Oxford classical dictionary: boulé - Internet Archive