Laodicea has two theatres, a Greek and a Roman ones.
Ancient Greek Amphitheater at Laodicea Restored to Former Glory
Laodicea on the Lycus - Turkish Archaeological News
Laodicea on the Lycus - Wikipedia
Ancient Theatre of Laodicea, Denizli-Turkey | 1st century, Places, World
Wikimapia - Laodicea
LAODIKEIA - Theatrum
Römisches Theater
Griechisches Theater
In Ancient Athens, Death held profound significance, shaped by religious beliefs, cultural practices, and societal values. The Athenians viewed Death not merely as the end of individual existence but as a transition to another realm, intricately tied to the gods, the community, and notions of immortality through memory and legacy.
In summary, death in Ancient Athens was both a personal and collective event, intertwined with religious duty, social cohesion, and philosophical inquiry. It was a moment of transition, a chance for the living to reaffirm their values, and a means to ensure the deceased's lasting presence in the memory of the community.
References
"Reading" Greek Death: To the End of the Classical Period: Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood - Internet Archive
"Reading" Greek Death - Google Books
Aspects of Death in Early Greek Art and Poetry - Google Books
Hades - Oxford Reference
Persephone/Kore - Oxford Reference
Cerberus - Oxford Reference
Eleusis and the Eleusinian Mysteries - Google Books
Eleusis and the Eleusinian Mysteries : Mylonas, George E, - Internet Archive
Bronze Age Eleusis and the Origins of the Eleusinian Mysteries - Google Books
The Eleusinian Mysteries and Rites - Google Books
Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece Afterlife Internet Archive
Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece Hades - Internet Archive
Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece Burial Practices - Internet Archive
Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece Death - Internet Archive
Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece Cult of the Dead - Internet Archive
Rituals of Death and Dying in Modern and Ancient Greece - Google Books
Psyche: The Cult of Souls and the Belief in Immortality among the Greeks - Google Books
Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices - Wikipedia
Funeral oration (ancient Greece) - Wikipedia
The Oxford Classical Dictionary 3rd Edition Revised - Internet Archive
Internet Archive Search: Oxford Classical Dictionary and other Oxford References
Thanatos - Wikipedia
The Athenian Funeral Orations - Google Books
Marriage to death: the conflation of wedding and funeral rituals in Greek tragedy: Rehm, Rush - Internet Archive
 |
| Diagram representing the Constitution of the Athenians in the IVth century BC |
References
DEMOCRACY Origins of democracy in ancient Greece.pdf
Politeia - Wikipedia
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Politeia - Internet Archive.
A Companion to Ancient Greek Government - Google Books
Athenian democracy - Wikipedia
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Democracy - Internet Archive
Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle) - Wikipedia
Reimagining Greek Tragedy on the American Stage: Chapter 3: Democratizing Greek Tragedy - Google Books
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Constitution - Internet Archive
Constitution of the Athenians (Pseudo-Xenophon) - Wikipedia
Old Oligarch - Oxford Reference
The 'Old Oligarch': The Constitution of the Athenians Attributed to Xenophon - Google Books
The Republic by Plato (Gutenberg edition) - Wikisource
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Plato - Internet Archive
Pseudo-Xenophon (Old Oligarch), Constitution of the Atheneians
The Athenian Constitution; The Eudemian Ethics; On virtues and vices: Aristotle - Internet Archive
Athenian Constitution - Wikisource
The Dialogues of Plato - Wikisource
Polis
Polis - Wikipedia
Politeia
Politeia - Wikipedia
Ancient Greek Legal System
Fifth-century Athens
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-century_Athens
Archon
Archon - Wikipedia
Eponymous archon - Wikipedia
Polemarch - Wikipedia
Archon basileus - Wikipedia
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Archon - Internet Archive
archon | ancient Greek magistrate | Britannica
Pericles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Pericles - Internet Archive
A commentary on Plutarch's Pericles : Stadter, Philip A - Internet Archive
Cimon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimon
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Cimon - Internet Archive
Ephialtes
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Ephialtes - Internet Archive
Alcibiades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Alcibiades - Internet Archive
Alcmaeonidae
Alcmaeonidae - Wikipedia
Hippias (tyrant)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippias_%28tyrant%29
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Hippias - Internet Archive
Hipparchus (ruler of Athens)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparchus_%28ruler_of_Athens%29
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Hipparchus - Internet Archive
Pisistratus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisistratus
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Pisistratus - Internet Archive
Cleisthenes
Cleisthenes - Wikipedia
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Cleisthenes - Internet Archive
Pritchard, D. (2004). Kleisthenes, Participation, and the Dithyrambic Contests of Late Archaic and Classical Athens. Phoenix, 58(3/4), 208–228. https://doi.org/10.2307/4135166
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4135166
Draco (lawgiver)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_%28lawgiver%29
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Draco - Internet Archive
Solon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solon
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Solon - Internet Archive
Solonian Constitution - Wikipedia
Seisachtheia - Wikipedia
Timocracy - Wikipedia
Aristocracy - Wikipedia
Mob rule (Ochlocracy) - Wikipedia
Areopagus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areopagus
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Areopagus - Internet Archive
Areopagite - Wiktionary
Ancient Agora of Athens
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Agora_of_Athens
Agora
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Agora - Internet Archive
Acropolis
Acropolis of Athens - Wikipedia
Acropolis - Wikipedia
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Acropolis Internet Archive
Parthenon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Parthenon - Internet Archive
Υπουργείο Πολιτισμού και Αθλητισμού | Παρθενώνας
http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/gh251.jsp?obj_id=912
Pnyx
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnyx
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Pnyx - Internet Archive
Basileus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basileus
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Basileus - Internet Archive
Tyrant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrant
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Tyrant - Internet Archive
Thirty Tyrants - Wikipedia
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Thirty Tyrants - Internet Archive
Critias
Critias - Wikipedia
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Critias - Internet Archive
Prytaneis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prytaneis
Prytaneion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prytaneion
Heliaia
Heliaia - Wikipedia
heliast - Wiktionary
Nomothetai
Nomothetai - Oxford Classical Dictionary
Bouleuterion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouleuterion
Arete
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Areté - Internet Archive
Boule (ancient Greece)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boule_%28ancient_Greece%29
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Boulé - Streaming : Internet Archive
Deme deme | ancient Greek government | Britannica
Deme - Wikipedia Phyle Phyle - Wikipedia Ecclesia (ancient Greece)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_%28ancient_Greece%29
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Ekklesia - Internet Archive
The Athenian Ecclesia - Google Books
Boulè
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boul%C3%A8
Boulé
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boul%C3%A9
Epistates
Epistates - Wikipedia
Bouletai
bouletai | ancient Greek government | Britannica
Proedroi
Proedroi - Oxford Reference
Smith, S. B. (1930). The Athenian Proedroi. Classical Philology, 25(3), 250–276. http://www.jstor.org/stable/262605
Areopagus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areopagus
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Areopagus - Internet Archive
Strategos
Strategos - Wikipedia
Slavery
Slavery in ancient Greece - Wikipedia
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Slavery - Internet Archive
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Slaves - Internet Archive
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Metic - Internet Archive
Helot
Helots - Wikipedia
Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world Helot - Internet Archive
Paideia
Audio/Visual
The Truth About Ancient Greek Democracy : Brother Elias - Internet Archive
References
Thebes, Greece - Wikipedia
‘Thebes of the seven gates’ - MUSEUM OF THEBES
Ancient Thebes: A Comprehensive Historical, Mythological and Archaeological Report
Η Προϊστορική Θήβα - Interactive Map of Thebes
Cadmea - Wikipedia
Amphion and Zethus - Wikipedia
Boeotia - Wikipedia
Central Greece (region) - Wikipedia
Theban Cycle - Wikipedia
Thebes: A History by Nicholas Rockwell - Google Books
Spartoi - Wikipedia
Tiresias - Wikipedia
Autochthon (ancient Greece) - Wikipedia
Encyclopedia of Greco-Roman mythology: Thebes - Internet Archive
Thebaid (Latin poem) - Wikipedia
Dragon's teeth (mythology) - Wikipedia
Oedipus - Wikipedia
Laius - Wikipedia
Jocasta - Wikipedia
Dionysus - Wikipedia
Heracles - Wikipedia
Creon (king of Thebes) - Wikipedia
Antigone - Wikipedia
Ismene - Wikipedia
Polynices - Wikipedia
Eteocles - Wikipedia
Epigoni - Wikipedia
Pindar - Wikipedia
SPHINX - Woman-Headed Lion of Greek Mythology - Theoi.com
THEOI GREEK MYTHOLOGY - Exploring Mythology in Classical Literature & Art
Thebes - Greek Mythology
Thebes: The Forgotten City of Ancient Greece - Paul Cartledge - Google Books
The Topography of Thebes from the Bronze Age to Modern Times - Sarantis Symeonoglou - Google Books
From democrats to kings: the brutal dawn of a new world from the downfall of Athens to the rise of Alexander the Great pp. 57- Chapter 4 Serious Business For Tomorrow : by Michael Scott - Internet Archive
From democrats to kings: the brutal dawn of a new world from the downfall of Athens to the rise of Alexander the Great pp. 105- Chapter 8 The Implosion of Greece: by Michael Scott - Internet Archive
From democrats to kings: the brutal dawn of a new world from the downfall of Athens to the rise of Alexander the Great pp. 181- Chapter 13 The Final Showdown: by Michael Scott - Internet Archive
BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, Thebes
Images
The ancient Boeotians: their character and culture, and their reputation: W. Rhys Roberts - Internet Archive : Map of Boeotia and Attica
Interpolation
Some later changes or revisions to the original of a
classical text. This can include omissions and exclusions. Examples can include interpolation by actors of their scripts and speeches. The
scholar who detects an interpolation should list his/her reasons why they
think it has occurred and when, by whom, and whether the original text can be corrected for or recovered.
Lines of text may find themselves transposed, and their text uncertain and rejected by a scholar as an interpolation.
Interpolations
can be words inserted in order to give a false impression of the date
for a document [see Forgery] or the document has been enlarged from its
original length. Or something of a completely different nature or provenance has been
inserted into the body of the original text.
Transmission of Text
The
provenance of a piece of text. The history and pathway by which the
text before us has come down to us from and through antiquity to the
present day. The scholar should state in what collections the text was found, in what libraries, and was it an archaeological find? If possible the scholar should give an opinion as to the motive why the text was preserved and what changes it may have gone through and why? Are there
different versions? In the different versions are there families of
texts? Who collected it? Who might have copied it? and details of any copying errors. Where was it
discovered and the quality and nature of its preservation?
Recension
Essentially any revision of a classical piece of text
Recension -Wikipedia
This can describe the alteration of a text by someone who was perhaps less worthy than the original
author or creator. This might include alteration by someone with a different skill [a
grammarian perhaps] or alteration by someone who speaks a different
language or dialect.
Anachronism
A chronological inconsistency. The act of attributing something to a period to which it does not truly belong. Any inconsistent rearrangement of the order of a series of chronological or historical events, including falsifications.
Anachronism may manifest itself in the language that has been used. The scholar should look out for asynchronism and archaisms. Anachronism is seen as an error if a true history is meant to be presented.
Rigorous commitment to the integrity of the past has never been characteristic of literary discourse in any period.
Literary texts or their copies often project themselves into the relative modernity of their own time and adapted to be more contemporary with the period in which they were produced.
Anachronism is often a very superficial marker of historicity: a sense of the historical process is sometime more significant than a strict sense of history. To charge a text with having anachronisms can often be irrelevant with the texts since the intention of their authors may be to show the age and body of the period in general.
Medieval commentators on Greek and classical texts, for example, may be written to illustrate their own time in which the fiercely competitive, aristocratic power blocks that were found in Ancient Greek society were similar in character to those of the times of their intended later readership of the medieval period. Political power in Ancient Greece, for example, was decentralised to City states, the polis. There was no central authority only a sense of Greekness. Barons during the medieval period might favourably compare themselves to the potentates of these City states, having a large measure of independence from the central power of their monarchs. During the medieval period christian values sometimes creep into such texts.
Later, however, translators, commentators and interpreters of classical texts, including the Bible, such as those of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were written by people whose views were extremely vulnerable to the evolving centralised power and censorship of monarchs, and the latter ever growing Divine Right to Rule above all other claims. Tyrannical regimes were common in Europe in this period. Classical texts which reinforced autocracy were favoured above those which did not. Democracy was unheard of to any extent at this time and period in European history, and if there was any such as it was was very limited.
Anachronism and Antiquity by Tim Rood, Carol Atack, Tom Phillips
Google Search: Anachronism, Antiquity Archive.org
Purism
Purism
wants to conceive clearly, execute loyally and exactly without deceits;
it abandons troubled conceptions, summary, or bristling executions. A
purist believes that serious art must banish all techniques which are
not faithful to the real value of the original conception.
Purism is
the belief that interpolations must be deleted or expunged from a text,
that a text must be returned to the original intended by its author.
Scholars believe it is their academic duty to attempt to recover the
original text.
Purism encourages the Scholar with a sense that something is not quite right.
Substitutions
Damaged
texts. Papyrus or manuscript is damaged with text missing. Scholars
believe it is their duty to interpolate the missing parts. The parts
they add are substitutions.
Scholarship
The art of detecting
recensions and interpolations. and amendments of and to the original of a
piece of text. Scholars tend to be purists wanting to purge the text
before them of anything they do not consider or conceive to have existed in the
original copy by the author/creator of that text. They also see it to be
their duty to try to recover the original by using common sense and
plausibility as "tests" by comparison of different sources of the
material before them, which include using newly discovered versions of manuscripts, and
carbon dating.
Editing and Copying errors
Censorship, Bias, Fashion, and Interpretation
Politically tendentious text. Omissions and Interpolations. Later bodged attempts to restore the original.
Forgery
Is the text a forgery? Evidence and proof of the forgery, who produced it, and their motive.
Authenticity
Lyrical and Metrical Analysis and Lyrical Structure (being out of place, does not fit)
Intentional and Unintentional (Wilfull Amendment).
Co-production of a work
Families of Text.
Scholia
Lost in Translation
The
job of a Rhapsodist was perhaps to bring a fresh approach to a tired
old myth or epic, altering its plot to gain audience approval and
attention rather than give a verbatim delivery of the original: call
this the freedom to interpret the material.
An author might also wish to bring out a new edition of his work.
Incomplete works completed by someone else.
Attribution
Who wrote the work?
Palimpsest
A manuscript or piece of writing material on which later writing has been superimposed on effaced earlier writing.
References
Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature: Reynolds, L. D. (Leighton Durham) - Internet Archive
Fragmentation in Ancient Greek Drama - Google Books
NIKOLAIDOU-ARABATZI,
SMARO. “CHORAL PROJECTIONS AND ‘EMBOLIMA’ IN EURIPIDES’ TRAGEDIES.”
Greece & Rome, vol. 62, no. 1, [The Classical Association, Cambridge
University Press], 2015, pp. 25–47, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43297510.
Davidson,
J. F. “The Circle and the Tragic Chorus.” Greece & Rome, vol. 33,
no. 1, [Classical Association, Cambridge University Press], 1986, pp.
38–46, http://www.jstor.org/stable/643023.
a history of classical scholarship Volume I : john edwin sandys litt - Internet Archive
Transmission of Text
The Oxford Guide to Literature in English translation [greek]: Peter France - Internet Archive
The Oxford handbook of translation studies - Internet Archive
Scribes and Scholars : a guide to the transmission of Greek and Latin literature: Reynolds, L. D. (Leighton Durham) - Internet Archive
Notes on the transmission of Aeschylus – Roger Pearse
Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies
The collation and investigation of manuscripts of Aeschylus : Dawe, R. D.- Internet Archive
The textual transmission of Euripides’ dramas by P.J. Finglass - CORE
Text and Transmission by Browning Brousquet - CORE
The Greek and Latin literary texts from Greco-Roman Egypt: Pack, Roger A. - Internet Archive
The Textual Transmission of Sophocles' Dramas by P.J. Finglass
Amazon.com: A Companion to Sophocles (Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World): 9781119025535: Ormand, Kirk: Libros
Text and Transmission by Donald J. Mastronarde
Aristophanes
Alan Sommerstein discusses the Transmission of Aristophanes' plays from ancient times to the present day in §IV of his Introduction in the volume of his translation of the Aristophanes' play, Acharnians:- Acharnians pp.16-20: Aristophanes - Internet Archive.
The Cambridge Companion to Greek Comedy - Google Books
Chapter 22 The Transmission of Comic Texts by Nigel Wilson pp.424-
Henderson discusses the History of the Text in
Acharnians; Knights Vol pp. 32- : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
The history of the text of Aristophanes by A.H. Sommerstein - Nottingham University
Aristophanea: Studies on the Text of Aristophanes - N. G. Wilson - Google Books
Reperforming Greek Tragedy: Theater, Politics, and Cultural Mobility in the ... - Anna A. Lamari - Google Books
Translating Classical Plays: Collected Papers - J. Michael Walton - Google Books
