Friday 3 July 2015

Dionysos, Maenads [Mainas] and Satyrs [Satyroi]

  • Dionysos = from Greek Διος (Dios) meaning "of ZEUS" combined with NYSA, the name of the region where young Dionysos was said to have been raised. In Greek mythology Dionysos was the god of wine, revelry, fertility and dance. He was the son of Zeus and Semele.

Bacchus = from Greek Βακχος (Bakchos), derived from ιαχο (iacho) meaning "to shout". This was another name of the Greek god Dionysos, and it was also the name that the Romans commonly used for him. Bacchus is how the Lydians called Dionysos.

Dionysos was the god of theatre because he was the god of illusion. He was often represented by a mask attached to a wooden pole. He appears in diguise. 

Herodotus equates the Egyptian god Osiris with Dionysos. Both gods are associated with wine, agriculture, and the cycle of death and rebirth. Osiris was a god of the dead, but he was also a god of vegetation and fertility. His death and resurrection were celebrated in the annual festival of Khoiak, which was a time of great feasting and revelry.
After the Greeks had come into contact with the Egyptians around the 7th century BC, they soon began to identify their gods with each other. Osiris was identified with Dionysos because both gods were associated with wine and the cycle of death and rebirth.
Christians might perceive Dionysos to be a version, perhaps a precursor, of Christ: Zeus (the chief god) impregnates a mortal virgin (Semele); she gives birth to Dionysos, who is half god and half man. Zeus cannot appear to mortals, he burns them up. In Euripides Bacchae, Dionysos appears in disguise as a priest of his cult. In reality, an actor, a human, is playing Dionysos who is half human half god. This is a kind of Trinity. Much of religion, and certainly its rites are theatrical. Often a religious experience is to find one's way behind the illusion.

The word "maenad" comes from the Greek word "mainas," which means "mad" or "demented." This suggests that the maenads were originally seen as wild and frenzied women who were possessed by the god Dionysos. Sometimes Maenads were also known as Thyades. Origin of the Maenads, one myth says that they were originally the nymphs who were the nursemaids to the infant Dionysus. When Dionysus grew up, he gave them the gift of divine madness, which allowed them to experience ecstasy and frenzy. Another myth says that the maenads were originally women who were driven mad by drinking too much wine. In the cult of Dionysos, they were said to roam the mountains and forests, dancing and singing in a state of ecstasy. Wild and violent, they were often depicted tearing animals or people to pieces. When depicted they often carried thyrsi, which are staves topped with pinecones. Because they represented the wild and untamed side of nature they had powers over nature itself and were able to control animals and even the weather. As well as being destructive and violent, they could also be benevolent and protective.

The Four Main Festivals in Attica/Athens celebrating Dionysos

The Rural Dionysia
Rural Dionysia - Wikipedia

The Lenaia
Lenaia - Wikipedia

The Anthesteria
Anthesteria - Greek festival - Britannica

The City or Great Dionysia
City Dionysia - Wikipedia

Sanctuaries dedicated to Dionysos in or near Ancient Athens

  1. The Dionysian Theatre: The most famous sanctuary of Dionysos in Athens was the Dionysian Theatre, which was located on the south slope of the Acropolis. It was built in the 5th century BC and was used for dramatic performances during the Athenian festivals of Dionysos, including the City Dionysia.

  2. The Lenaion or Lenaeum: The Lenaion was a sanctuary of Dionysos located in the Agora of Athens. It was believed to be the site where Dionysos was first worshipped in Athens, and it was the centre of the Lenaia festival, which honoured the god of wine and fertility. Dionysus - Carl Kerényi - Google Books Dionysos: archetypal image of indestructible life: Kerényi, Karl, - Internet Archive

    Bates, W. N. (1899). The Lenaea, the Anthesteria, and the Temple &#03F5;̓ν Λίμναις Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 30, 89–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/282563 https://www.jstor.org/stable/282563

  3. The Limnaios: The Limnaios (Muddy or Swamps) was a sanctuary of Dionysos located near the Ilissos River in Athens. According to Thucydides, the temple of Dionysos Limnaios was situated to the south of the Akropolis and was one of the city's oldest sanctuaries. It was a popular spot for drinking parties (symposia), and it was believed to be the place where the god was born. Dionysos p.292-4 - Carl Kerényi - Google Books

  4. The Dionysos Eleuthereus: Dionysos Liberator was a sanctuary located outside the city walls of Athens, near the village of Acharnae. It was dedicated to Dionysos as the god of freedom and was the site of the Anthesteria festival, which celebrated the arrival of spring. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Eleuthereus

  5. The Agrai: The Agrai was a sanctuary of Dionysos located on the slope of Mount Hymettos, outside the city of Athens. It was believed to be the site where Dionysos was first welcomed to Attica, and it was the centre of the Agrionia festival, which honoured the god's wild and untamed nature.

  6. Eleusinion: Located on the northwest slope of the Acropolis, this sanctuary was dedicated to both Demeter and Dionysos. It was the site of the famous Eleusinian Mysteries, which were secret religious rites in honour of Demeter and Persephone.
  7. Lenaios: This sanctuary was located on the northwest slope of the Acropolis, near the Eleusinion. It was dedicated to Dionysos Lenaios, a form of the god associated with the production of wine.
  8. Bendis: This sanctuary was located outside the walls of Athens, near the Academy. It was dedicated to Bendis, a Thracian goddess associated with hunting and the moon. The sanctuary also included a shrine to Dionysos.
Dionysus - Wikipedia.

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Zeitlin, F. I. (1982). Cultic Models of the Female: Rites of Dionysus and Demeter. Arethusa, 15(1/2), 129–157. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26308107.

Mystery Cults, Theatre and Athenian Politics - Google Books


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Names of Dionysos:-
Dionysos Character in Mythopoeia - World Anvil

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Cassidy, W. (1991). Dionysos, Ecstasy, and The Forbidden. Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques, 17(1), 23–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41298913.

Seaford, R. (1981). Dionysiac Drama and the Dionysiac Mysteries. The Classical Quarterly, 31(2), 252–275. http://www.jstor.org/stable/638531.

Foley, H. P. (1980). The Masque of Dionysus. Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-), 110, 107–133. https://doi.org/10.2307/284213 https://www.jstor.org/stable/284213

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Vürtheim, J. (1920). The Miracle of the Wine at Dionysos’ Advent; On the Lenaea Festival. The Classical Quarterly, 14(2), 92–96. http://www.jstor.org/stable/636514

Iacchus 

Some sources regard him as being synonymous with Bacchus (one of the titles of the wine god Dionysos), and whose name was similar to his. But Iacchus was also regarded as the son of Zeus and Demeter (or sometimes as her consort) and should properly be differentiated from the Theban Bacchus (Dionysos), who was the son of Zeus and Semele.

Iacchus - Greek mythology - Britannica

IACCHUS (Iakkhos) - Greek God of the Ritual Cry of the Eleusinian Mysteries












































Dionysos with satyrs and maenads. Black-figured hydria, Attica, Greece, c. 520 BC.
Location: British Museum
British museum dept. of Gr. and Rom. antiq (1851). A catalogue of the Greek and Etruscan vases in the British museum. Item 447 Hydria. pp. 43–.
British Museum - Image gallery- hydria
Museum number 1849,0620.11







  • https://kosmossociety.chs.harvard.edu/?p=20788


Henrichs, A. (2014). Dionysus (linear b diwonusos). In S. Hornblower, A. Spawforth, & E. Eidinow (Eds.), The Oxford companion to classical civilization (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, Inc. Credo Reference: https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/oupocc/dionysus_linear_b_diwonusos/0?institutionId=599


British Museum Item reference number: GR 1868.6-16.7 (Vases E 768)

Randall Hansen; William F. Hansen (2004). Handbook of Classical Mythology. Satyr: ABC-CLIO. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-1-57607-226-4.

Cults Of The Greek States Vol.5 : Farnell, Lewis Richard - Internet Archive

The Cult of Pan in Ancient Greece (1988) by Philippe Borgeaud   Archived

Robin Hard; H. J. Rose (2004). The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology". The Satyrs and Silenoi: Psychology Press. pp. 212–. ISBN 978-0-415-18636-0.

Park McGinty (19 July 2011). Interpretation and Dionysos: Method in the Study of a God. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-3-11-080182-8.

Eric R. Dodds (16 June 2004). The Greeks and the Irrational. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-93127-5.
The Greeks and the irrational (1973 edition) - Open Library

Walter Friedrich Otto (1995). Dionysus: Myth and Cult. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20891-2.  
Dionysus, myth and cult. : W. F. Otto -  Internet Archive

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Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood (2003). Tragedy and Athenian Religion. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0400-2.

Eric R. Dodds (16 June 2004). The Greeks and the Irrational. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-93127-5.

John Boardman; J. K. Davies; M. Ostwald (1992). The Cambridge Ancient History - Volume V. Chapter 8: B. Knox - Athenian religion and literature: Cambridge University Press. pp. 268–. ISBN 978-0-521-23347-7.

Cornelia Isler-Kerényi (2007). Dionysos in Archaic Greece: An Understanding Through Images. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-14445-5.

Cornelia Isler-Kerényi (14 November 2014). Dionysos in Classical Athens: An Understanding through Images. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-27012-1.Apollodorus, tr Robin Hard (1998). The Library of Greek Mythology. Book 3.4 Semele and Dionysos - Death of Actaion: Oxford University Press. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0-19-283924-4

CORNELIA ISLER KERENYI Dionysos In Classical Athens 2015 - Internet Archive

H. S. Versnel (1990). Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion. 1, Ter Unus: Isis, Dionysos, Hermes, Three Studies in Henotheism. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09266-8.

Alberto Bernabé; Miguel Herrero de Jáuregui; Ana Isabel Jiménez San Cristóbal (26 June 2013). Redefining Dionysos. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-030132-8.

Jennifer Larson (2007). Ancient Greek Cults: A Guide. Chapter 10: Epiphany and Transformation: Psychology Press. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-0-415-32448-9.

After Dionysus: A Theory of the Tragic - Google Books https://bit.ly/32JswAq.

Dionysos: archetypal image of indestructible life: Kerényi, Karl - Internet Archive

Thyrsus - Wikipedia

Museu Calouste Gulbenkian
Lisboa, Portugal

Provenance - The Classical Art Research Centre
302996, London, British Museum, B178Dionysos With Ivy And Kantharos Between Satyrs, One Playing Kithara, One With Drinking Horn And Wineskin, Goat
Psykter: Vase E768 CVA British Museum 6 III Ic Pl. 105, 1
British Museum - psykter

References

Maenad - Wikipedia

Thiasus (Thiaos) - Wikipedia
The thiasus (Greek thiasos), was the ecstatic retinue of Dionysos, often pictured as inebriated revelers. 

Thyrsus - Wikipedia

Democratizing Dionysus: The Origins Controversy and the Dual Evolution of Tragedy and Civism 
by B Plaza-Gainza · 2015

Simon Hornblower; Antony Spawforth; Esther Eidinow (2014). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Satyrs and Silens: OUP Oxford. pp. 702–. ISBN 978-0-19-101675-2

Simon Hornblower; Antony Spawforth; Esther Eidinow (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. maenads: OUP Oxford. pp. 883–. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.

Bremmer, J. N. (2014). Maenads. In S. Hornblower, A. Spawforth, & E. Eidinow (Eds.), The Oxford companion to classical civilization (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, Inc. Credo Reference: https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/oupocc/maenads/0?institutionId=599

Alan B. Lloyd (1976). Herodotus, Book II: Commentary 1-98. BRILL. pp. 114–. ISBN 90-04-04179-6.

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Euripides' Bacchae, Classical Drama and Theatre

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SILENUS Greek God of Drunkenness & Wine-Making Mythology, Seilenos


LENEUS Silenus & Rustic-God of Grape-Treading Greek mythology

https://www.ancient.eu/Dionysos/

https://www.ancient.eu/image/642/maenad-red-figure-cup/

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Greek and Egyptian Religious Parallels

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Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
Vol. 6 (1927), pp. 69-112
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BBC Bacchus Uncovered Ancient God of Ecstasy With Bettany Hughes



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 DIONYSUS - Greek God of Wine & Festivity - Mythology, Dionysos, w- pictures - Roman Bacchus 

CULT OF DIONYSOS 1 Ancient Greek religion


TITLES OF DIONYSOS Ancient Greek religion

Le culte de Dionysos en Attique Foucart

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Richard Seaford
The Classical Quarterly
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Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association

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Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
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Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4238532

Dionysos, Money, and Drama
Author(s): Richard Seaford
Source: Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics, Third Series, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Fall,
2003), pp. 1-19
Published by: Trustees of Boston University; Trustees of Boston University through its
publication Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics
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Maenadism in the Bacchae
Author(s): E. R. Dodds
Source: The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul., 1940), pp. 155-176
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Harvard Divinity School

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Chapter10: Epiphany And Transformation - Dionysos p. 126-

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