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| Ancient Troy |
Mythical Back Story
The Trojans led by Hector have inflicted a huge defeat in a battle against the Greeks. Achilles son of Peleus, the Greeks' most able warrior, had not participated in this battle, in consequence the Greeks had lost it. Agammemon had started a quarrel with Achilles by ordering the abduction fro himself of Achilles' concubine, Briseis, [Book 1 and Book 9 Homer's Iliad]. She had been given to Achilles as a war prize. After this Achilles withdrew his Myrmidons from the Achaean army and refused to fight for Agamemnon following which the Greeks suffered a huge defeat.
During the battle Hector and his Trojan forces and their allies had routed the Greeks [Achaeans] right back away from walls of Troy, back across the River Scamander, across the Scamandrian Plain, all the way to behind the palisades which the Greeks had errected to protect their ships. Night had fallen and the two sides had camped within sight of each other. The play Rhesus is the re-telling by Euripides of the story of the Dolonea [Book X of Homer's Iliad].
Argument/Hypothesis
When Hector and the Trojans, as Homer telleth in the Eighth book of his Iliad, had driven the Greeks from before Troy back to their camp beside the sea, the host of Troy lay for that night in the plain overagainst them. And the Trojans sent forth Dolon a spy to know what the Greeks were minded to do. But there went forth also two spies from the camp of the Greeks, even Odysseus and Diomedes, and these met Dolon and slew him, after that he had told them in his fear all that they would know of the array of the Trojans, and of the coming of their great ally, Rhesus the Thracian, the son of a Goddess. And herein is told of the coming of the Thracian king, and of all that befell that night in the camp of the Trojans.
Dramatis Personae
HECTOR - Prince of Ilion (Troy) and General of the Trojan Armies.
AENEAS - a Trojan Prince.
DOLON - a Trojan.
PARIS - Trojan prince, also called Alexander, brother of Hector.
RHESUS - King of Thrace, son of the River Strŷmon and the Muse of the Mountains.
A THRACIAN - Rhesus' charioteer.
ODYSSEUS - a Greek chieftain, famous for craft and daring.
DIOMEDES - a Greek chieftain, famous for valour.
A SHEPHERD as Messenger.
The Goddess ATHENA.
The MUSE OF THE MOUNTAINS - Rhesus' mother.
CHORUS of Trojan Sentinels or Guards with their LEADER
Non-speaking parts
Some THRACIANS with their CAPTAIN
Attendants
It is a cloudy but moonlight night. The Trojans and their allies have won a decisive victory and are camping on the open field close to the Greek outposts. A watch-fire burns low in front. Far off at the back can be seen rows of the watch-fires in the Greek camp. The road to Troy is in front to the left; the road to Mount Ida leads far away to the right.
Of the two eisodoi [passageways] eisodos B the one on stage right [left from the audience's point of view] leads to the camp of the Thracian troops led by Rhesus, and then onto Mount Ida and Troy itself. The other, eisodos A, stage left [on the right side from the audience's point of view], leads to the main body of the Trojan camp, and then further onto the Greek camp and the sea where the latter's ships are moored. Eisodos A is sometimes described in the play as the way to the city and eisodos B as the way to the countryside or port.
Summary:
Parodos [Lines 1-51]:
The Chorus of Trojan Sentinels enters.
The Chorus Leader speaks. They are looking for Hector, general of the Trojan army. The Trojan army led by Hector has just inflicted a huge defeat in a battle against the Greeks. The time is the fourth watch of the night [2am to sunrise]. The Leader of the Trojan Sentinels wants Hector to wake up as he has an important matter to report to him. Hector wakes up. Hector asks whether the person waking him is friend or foe. He demands a password from him. Hector wants to know whether or not the enemy have launched a night raid on their camp. The Leader says no. Hector asks why have they abandoned their posts. The Leader tells him that they are the sentries guarding the camp, that they have not abandoned their watch lightly, for no reason at all, but that they have a very important matter to tell him. The Leader says Hector should wake his allied forces up who should take up their spears, and get the Phrygian archers ready. Hector asks why. The Leader explains that the forces in the Greek have lit fires and their ships can be seen clearly in the fire light, but their forces are hidden in the darkness probably gathered round their general Agamemnon's tent. They seem to be on the move, and Hector may wish to forestall whatever might happen.
Hector agrees. It seems to him that the Greek forces are about to embark on their ships to row away. He says that if the sun had not set he would have ordered his men to set fire to the Greek ships and run through their camp killing any and every Greek they encountered. He was ready to continue the fight at night but the augurers and seers had advised him to wait for dawn before making any further moves.
To check their purpose Hector is about to order a night attack on the Greek ramparts and ships, when Aeneas makes a timely entrance and persuades him to send out a spy to investigate the facts of the mystery before launching any action. Hector duly appeals for a volunteer, and Dolon, one of his hypastists [lightly armoured foot soldier equipped with an aspis (shield) and spear] offers to perform that task but wants a share of the spoils of victory namely the horses of Achilles. Hector too wants these but he agrees to Dolon's demand. Dolon exits to disguise himself for his mission. He has told the Chorus that he will set forth disguised as a wolf , with a wolfskin round his back with its head over his own. The Chorus wish him well in his mission commenting may the Hermes the lord of cheats take him safely to the Greek camp and bring him back again. Dolon says he will kill Odysseus and bring his head back to Troy.
Exit Dolon to prepare for and go on his operation.
First Stasimon [Lines 224–63]:
The Chorus sing an ode as prayer to Apollo for Dolon's safety and success. encouraging him on his mission to go in stealth into the Greek camp. May he reach the galleys. May he succeed in his spying on the Greeks. May he return home safely. The Trojans have found a hero. What important Greeks may he encounter and kill in their tents. May he kill Menelaos and bring back the head of Agamemnon to place on the lap of Helen: may he bring back the head of the leader who had brought a thousand ships to Troy's shores.
Enter a Shepherd (as Messenger from Rhesus) demanding an audience with Hector.
Hector is sceptical about what news of real import could possibly concern a shepherd/
The Shepherd tells Hector that Rhesus, king of Thrace, is on his way together with his men coming to give assistance of the Trojans against the Greeks. He is riding at the head of his men in a chariot drawn by white horses, bringing with him armed soldiers, mounted cavalry and archers.
Hector comments that Rhesus has only come for the victory feast. He's a bit late for the real fight, besides Hector wants the glory of victory for himself. He doesn't need any help. He will win without Rhesus' assistance.
The Leader of the Chorus comments that Hector is right.
The Shepherd comments let the enemy see him. When they do they will be afraid.
Hector relents and says let the gold armoured Rhesus come as ally.
Second Stasimon [Lines 342–380]:
This is sometimes called the Adrasteia chorus.
The Chorus sing an ode begging Adrasteia to keep their mouths shut, to keep bad luck from being spoken. King Rhesus is coming. The Chorus welcome his imminent arrival. He has been sent to help the Trojan cause. They describe Rhesus' father and mother, the river god Styrmon and the Muse. Rhesus has come with his Thracian horses to Phrygia [Troy]. They beg Rhesus to raise his shield against Achilles and to beat the Argives back.
Third Episode [Lines 388–526]:
Enter King Rhesus with some of his following.
Hector greets him but reproaches him for not coming earlier particularly as he owed Hector the repayment of a debt for Hector having helped him to secure his own kingdom.
Rhesus explains to Hector that he has been delayed in his coming dealing with attacks upon his own kingdom by Scythians from a neighbouring land. Now that he has defeated them he has come. He boasts of the glory they will win together against the Greeks. He will only require one day to storm the palisades protecting the Greek fleet to defeat and kill them. On the day after that he will go home.
Hector tells him that it is night now, and he will show him to an area separate from the main camp of the Trojan forces when he and his army may set up their tents. There he and his men can spend the night. He tells Rhesus the password used to identify friend or foe with the sentinels on watch duty: it is "Phoebus".
He tells the Chorus to be on the lookout for Dolon who has been sent to the Greek camp to spy on their ships.
Exit Hector, Rhesus and his attendants, and Aeneas.
Third Stasimon [Lines 527–564]:
This is known as the Stars and Nightingale chorus.
The Leader of the Chorus describes the setting of the early constellations, that the Pleiades and constellation of Aquila are soaring high in the sky. Wake up Sentinels. The Moon is shining and dawn is breaking. Can they see the star which is announcing it?
The Chorus discuss who have done their turn at watch that night and who is next. Who is for the fifth watch? the Lycians. The nightingale is singing. The flocks of sheep are pasturing on Mount Ida. A shepherd's pipe can be heard.
The scout [Dolon] is missing, the one Hector sent to spy on the Greeks' ships. The Chorus fear for him. It seems he may have stumbled into an ambush and been killed.
The Leader of the chorus says it is his duty to wake the Lycians to perform the fifth watch of the night.
The Chorus exit, leaving the stage/orchestra empty.
Fourth Episode [Lines 565–674]:
Odysseus and Diomedes enter in stealth.
They think they have heard horses and that they should be careful about guards on watch. They mention that Dolon, whom they have killed, has given them the friend or foe password. It is "Phoebus". They mention that Dolon had told them that this is about where they should be able to find Hector's tent, but the tents they have come across are empty.
Diomedes says he has drawn his sword ready to kill Hector. Are they about to be ambushed? Odysseus comments that Hector is bold because he is winning. And because they can't find him they say that it is time now to return to the Greek camp where the Greek ships are moored. Can't they look for Paris and Aeneas instead? Not without deadly peril. It is not not possible to find them in the dark. Diomedes comments that it is shameful to return to the Greek without having done damage to the Trojans.
Odysseus: How can you say we have done no damage. Look! here is Dolon's armour. Did we not kill him after discovering him spying on our ships. Do you really think we can rout their whole army?
Diomedes: You are right. We should return.
The voice of the goddess Athena is heard.
She asks where do they think they are going. Even if the gods won't allow them to kill Hector or Paris, how about their ally, Rhesus, who has recently arrived in their camp? On the morrow he will destroy the Greek fleet, and storm the Greek palisade, Nothing will stop him, not even Ajax or Achilles. They should kill him, and if they do, they will win the day. She tells them to forget about finding Hector where he is sleeping. He will be killed by another's hand.
Odysseus recognises that it is Athena who is talking. He asks her where they can find Rhesus. She tells him that he is camped nearby, separate from the main host of the Trojans, next to his chariot and white mares. They will easily see them and they shine bright at night. Kill the master and then take the horses. They are amongst the finest in the world and would make a fine prize.
Odysseus: Diomedes you must let me do the killing, whilst you see to the horses.
Diomedes: I shall do the killing, and you can take the horses. You are renowned as a quick-witted trickster. A man must be assigned those tasks which he can most help at doing.
Odysseus exits.
Athena tells Diomedes that she sees the Trojan prince Alexandros [Paris] coming; he is alone. He appears to be coming to find Hector. He wants to tell him that there are unconfirmed reports from a watchman of marauding enemy spies in their camp. Diomedes asks Athena whether he should kill him. Athena tells Diomedes that he can only do as much as Fate has decreed, that he should concentrate on killing the man whose death is doomed.
Diomedes exits
Enter Alexandros [Paris]
He says he looking for Hector to report the news he has received about spies. Athena pretends to be the goddess, Aphrodite, Alexandros' friend, but unknowingly to Alexandros is Athena. She tells him not to worry. Hector is away showing the Thracian king, Rhesus, where he and his men can sleep. And that he, Alexandros, is safe.
Alexandros says that Athena has convinced him. He is free and can go back to his guard duty.
Athena [ironically] says she is concerned with everything about Alexandros and that she wants to see her friends triumphant. She tells him to be off and that she will be "concerned" about him.
Exit Alexandros
Athena warns Odysseus and Diomedes that the Greeks are onto them, and that now they have killed Rhesus, they should make their way back to the Greek lines by their ship's slipways as fast as possible.
Epiparodos (Reappearance of the Chorus after leaving the scene) [Lines 675–727]:
Enter Odysseus chased by the Chorus of Trojan Sentinels
The Chorus is shouting out there are marauders in the camp. They demand to know which company Odysseus belongs to and which country he is from. Odysseus says he can't tell them that. The Chorus says they will kill him and demand from him the friend or foe password. Odysseus answers it is "Phoebus". The Chorus says he is correct and hold their spears back. They ask him has he seen the marauders and which way they went. He directs them in the opposite direction to which he wants to go.
Odysseus: They went this way!
Exit Odysseus [slipping away].
The Chorus asks should they raise the alarm. Who was the man they have just seen? Where was he from? Thessaly? Locria? Was it Odysseus? He definitely was a brave man. Others answer saying do not praise a robber who uses trickery. Whoever it was Hector will blame us guards for those who crept into the Trojan camp during the night.
Exodos [Lines 728–996]:
Rhesus' Charioteer is groaning off stage. He has been stabbed with a sword.
The Chorus want to know who it is.
Enter the Charioteer covered in blood.
He reports that king Rhesus has been slain. He wants to know where Hector is to report what has happened. The Thracian army, allies of the Trojans, has been massacred during the night. They have been killed treacherously. After Hector had shown where they could sleep, they were tired after their long march. They failed to post sentries. They didn't hang out their amour ready for battle. Nor yoke the horses ready to use them. All they did was simply fling themselves down on the ground to sleep. Then two men came marauding. He saw them and shouted at them. but they went off. He went to sleep again and had a dream about two wolves which had climbed onto the backs of Rhesus' horses. In his dream he tried to protect the horses from the wolves, but the nightmare awoke him. He could hear the groans of dying men. Then a jet of hot blood from his master struck him. He had been slaughtered. The Charioteer jumped up at this. But he had no spear in hand to defend himself. There stood beside him a sturdy fellow who struck him in the side with his sword: the wound went deep. The two marauders then took off with the horses and chariot. He said he was not able to stand upright anymore. Nor could he say who had killed them and how. He guesses that it was their friends.
The Chorus says it was their enemy, the Greeks who had done all this. Hector has been told of what has happened.
Enter Hector
Hector starts to censure the Chorus for their failure properly to guard the Trojan camp. He says they are totally responsible for what has happened. Why didn't they attack the Greeks on their way into the camp, and/or when leaving it?
Hector [to the Leader]: Mark my words. There's flogging and/or beheading awaiting you as punishment
The Charioteer then accuses Hector of wanting to steal Rhesus' horses, and has assassinated him.
The Charioteer asks Hector why is he threatening the sentinels. And why is he undermining what he says: he too is a barbarian the same as he and can see things as he does. Hector arranged his master's assassination. Hector is guilty. He will need to make a long and cunning speech to convince him otherwise. Of course Hector coveted Rhesus' horses: he constantly urged Rhesus to come. He came and now he and his men are dead. Hector has killed them. Hector has seriously violated the ancient rules of hospitality, guest-friendship in which the host promises safety, far more so than Paris did when he abducted Helen. Paris' act seems far less shameful. No, don't tell him that it was the Argives. How could they get past the sentinels without being noticed? If it was them how come no one else got killed? The Charioteer refused to blame the Achaeans. How could they find their way in the darkness to where Rhesus and his men were camped? They didn't even know if they were coming unless one of the gods had informed on them. No, this was plot.
Hector replies. He denies having done this. Other allies have no such harsh words for the Trojans; that he would never kill a friend for his horses. This is Odysseus' handiwork. Who else could have plotted such a deed? And has he also killed Dolon, the Trojan's spy? He has been gone a long time and not returned.
The Charioteer says he knows nothing of these Odysseuses that Hector is talking of, that his wounds were not made by any enemy. What refuge could he find now that his master is dead?
Hector replies he would find welcome in his house, where his wounds would be healed. He orders some men to pick the Charioteer up and to carry him to his home. He also orders burial of all the dead along the public road to Troy.
The Charioteer is carried off.
The Chorus ask is there some god who is leading Troy back to sorrow.
The Chorus start to lead off down eisodos B, but are checked by the entrance of the Muse of the Mountains Deus ex Machina above the Skene. She is carrying the body of her dead son, Rhesus, in her arms.
The Chorus Leader asks who has appeared, what goddess?
The Muse answers Trojans be not afraid. She declares herself to be one of the Sisters [Muses]. She came because she saw the Greeks slay her son, and says that Odysseus will one day be suitably punished.
The Muse sings a lament grieving for her son. The road to Troy had brought him bad luck. The Leader of the Chorus shares her grief.
The Muse curses Diomedes and Odysseus, who have made her childless, and curses Helen who left her home in Greece to lie in a Trojan bed; she destroyed her son. May they all perish.
She regrets the time when Thamyris boast he could outsing the Muses in a contest. He lost the contest and was punished for daring to challenge them. His challenge had caused her to wade across the Styrmon and found herself in the river god's bed, after which she gave birth to Rhesus. Thamyris was blinded as punishment.
After his birth she cast the boy into the river. The nymphs of the spring had brought him up and subsequently he became king of the Thracians. He was warned by his mother never to go to Troy as she knew his fate, but he did after Hector had persuaded him.
The Muse then accused Athena of being the cause of the whole disaster. It was her doing, not Odysseus' nor Diomedes'. She murdered Rhesus. She declares that she and her sister Muses honour Athens. She wants Musaeus, the pupil of Orpheus, to sing the dirge for her son, and no other.
The Chorus Leader aks Hector to drop the charges he has made against them about their plotting the death of Rhesus.
Hector declares that he was killed by the wiles of Odysseus. And said that when saw the Greeks encamped against his land he summoned help from his neighbours especially Rhesus who owed him a personal debt. Rhesus had come to help Troy but was killed. Taking no pleasure in his death he says he is prepared to bury him, for he came in friendship but has left in disaster. Hector mourns him.
The Muse answers Hector that she doesn't want her son buried. She will ask Persephone to send his soul back up again. He will never see his mother again, but will lie in a cave as a man-god, spokesman of Bacchus. She will grieve with Thetis, mother of Achilles, for her son will die too. O are the disasters mortals face having children. It is better to be childless. One only begets them only to bury them!
The Muse disappears
Chorus Leader: It is a mother's duty to mourn for her dead child. It is now dawn. Hector, your work lies before you. What will you have us do?
Hector: Tell the allies to arm and make ready, to yoke horses to their chariots and await the sound of the trumpet. I am confident we can overrun the Greeks' camp, storm their palisade and set fire to their ships. Today Troy will be liberated.
Chorus Leader: Listen to our general. March in good order. May the god who is on our side give us victory.
Exeunt
Rhesus (play) - Wikipedia
Rhesus of Thrace - Wikipedia
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Rhesus 2 - Greek Mythology Link
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Euripides: Rhesus (disputed) - Tom's Learning Notes
Hector - GreekMythology.com
Aeneas - GreekMythology.com
Aeneas - Wikipedia
Achilles - Wikipedia
Briseis - Wikipedia
Odysseus - GreekMythology.com
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The Iliad Book 10 Summary & Analysis - LitCharts
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Ancient Greek Versions
Teubner - Euripides - Rhesus
Euripides (1872). Euripides: with an English commentary Volume 1. Whittaker. (F.A. Paley)
W. H. Porter, ed. (1916). The RHESUS OF EURIPIDES. CUP Archive
https://archive.org/details/rhesusofeuripide00euriuoft
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Translations
Euripides IV : Euripides Rhesus - Internet Archive - University of Chicago Press
Euripides (2006). tr. John Davie The Bacchae and Other Plays. p. 376- The Rhesus: Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-196411-9.
Euripides (c.480–c.406 BC) - Rhesus: Translated by George Theodoridis
The Rhesus of Euripides; : Euripides - Internet Archive Translated by Gilbert Murray
The Rhesus (1913 edition) | Open Library (Gilbert Murray)
The Project Gutenberg eBook of "The Rhesus", by Gilbert Murray.
The Plays of Euripides (Coleridge)/Rhesus - Wikisource,
The Internet Classics Archive | Rhesus by Euripides
Rhesus (Euripides) - Wikisource,
Euripides, Rhesus Perseus Digital Library (Gilbert Murray)
Euripides: Volume 1 Rhesus p.153 trans by Arthur Way - Loeb edition
Tragedies of Euripides (Way)/Rhesus - Wikisource
Euripides Plays (Rhesus). With introd. by Henry Morley
Rhesos - Translated by Richard Emil Braun Oxford University Press
Euripides, (12 June 2008). Bacchae and Other Plays. (James Morwood) Rhesus p.133: OUP Oxford. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-19-954052-5.
Iphigenia among the Taurians ; Bacchae ; Iphigenia at Aulis ; Rhesus : Euripides p.133 - Internet Archive http://bit.ly/3iQLLvv tr. James Morwood - Oxford World Classics
Audio/Visual
Rhesus, Euripides - YouTube - Center for Hellenic Studies
Hour 25: Rhesus by Euripides - YouTube
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