Wednesday 31 July 2019

The Stock Masks of the Old Comedy

Extract from
Francis MacDonald Cornford (1914) The Origin of Attic Comedy. Chapter VIII: The Stock Masks of the Old Comedy: London: Edward Arnold pp. 154–. ISBN 978-0-521-18207-2.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022693117


p. 173

§85. The list of Stock Masks in the Old Comedy

We have thus collected a Uttle gallery of stock masks :

Aa Old Man, a rustic, testy, morose, stingy, given to beating his
slaves.

An Old Woman, wrinkled and hideous, amorous and drunken,
who dances the kordax.

A Young Woman, a mute person, who appears only as bride in
the final marriage.

A Learned Doctor or Pedant, lean, pale, remote from the world
(Socrates, Euripides).

A Cook (AgoracrituS).

A Parasite (Cleon), probably borrowed from the Dorian tradition,
and the Mime of Epicharmus and his school.

A Swaggering Soldier (Lamachus, Aeschylus).

A Comic Slave, or pair of slaves (the two slaves in the Knights,
Wasps, Peace, etc. Xanthias in the Frogs, who offers in the prologue
to go through the traditional antics. The minor Bufioon (Euelpides,
etc.), of other plays may take his place, as attendant of the hero).

[The Impostor can hardly be called a stock mask. He is multi-
plied into an indefinite variety of professional types. These, again,
are not stock masks, but generalised from life. They all fill suc-
cessively one fixed role in the main action.]

References

Stock character - Wikipedia

Eli Rozik (April 2005). The Roots of Theatre: Rethinking Ritual and Other Theories of Origin. University of Iowa Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-1-58729-426-6.

Gwendolyn Compton-Engle (27 April 2015). Costume in the Comedies of Aristophanes. Cambridge University Press.. ISBN 978-1-107-08379-0.

Paul Zanker (1995). The Mask of Socrates: The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20105-7.

Eiron - Wikipedia

Saturday 27 July 2019

Stasimon

στάσιμος - stasimos

Meaning a "standing still", it referred to the regular songs or odes of the chorus, so named because they were not sung until the chorus had taken their place ready for a dance in the orchestra. Modern scholarship suggests they lined up in a rectangular formation, like a squad of soldiers. in 3 rows of 4 when the chorus was 12 persons and 3 rows of 5 after Sophocles had increased the number to 15, all lined up like a squad of soldiers. 

The stasimon is a section of a Greek play where the chorus sings alone in the orchestra, the actors are off-stage,  It is a section where the chorus describes the background to the story being related, adding details or context, and the setting of the mood.  Often the chorus lament losses and describe feelings of despair.

There is archaeological evidence that the orchestras of the Greek theatres in the 5th century BC were rectangular in design and not circular,

As with all choric odes, the stasimon comprised of pairs of stanzas consisting of a turn or movement called a strophe [in which the chorus moves in one direction, towards the altar] followed by its exact equivalent metrical opposite counterturn or movement called an antistrophe [in which the chorus moves in the opposite direction, away from the altar] . Each pair of turns may or may not be followed by a metrically different "epode". The epode is in a different, but related, metre to the strophe and antistrophe, chanted by the chorus whilst standing still

Hyporchema

A hymn or poem sung by the main body of the chorus, while some of their number accompanied it with mimetic dancing and gesticulation.

Hyporchema - Wikipedia

Reference

Typical Structure of a Greek Play

Naomi A. Weiss (2018). The Music of Tragedy: Performance and Imagination in Euripidean Theater. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-29590-2.
Stasimon - Wikipedia

Strophe - Wikipedia
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Strophe - Wikisource

Antistrophe - Wikipedia
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Antistrophe - Wikisource

Epode - Wikipedia
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Epode - Wikisource, the free online library

Prosody (Greek) - Wikipedia

The New Princeton encyclopedia of poetry and poetics- Internet Archive p.1213-  Stasimon

Anne L. Klinck (15 December 2008). Woman's Songs in Ancient Greece. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-7721-3.

H. M. Roisman; C. A. E. Luschnig (9 October 2012). Euripides' Electra: A Commentary. 7. Parts of Plays: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 16–. ISBN 978-0-8061-8630-6.

Francisco Rodríguez Adrados (1975). Festival, Comedy and Tragedy: The Greek Origins of Theatre. Brill Archive. pp. 342–. ISBN 90-04-04313-6.

The Circle and the Tragic Chorus
J. F. Davidson
Greece & Rome
Vol. 33, No. 1 (Apr., 1986), pp. 38-46
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association
https://www.jstor.org/stable/643023

To Dance in the Orchestra: A Circular Argument
Author(s): Kathryn Bosher
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Published by: University of Illinois Press
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Clifford Ashby (1999). Classical Greek Theatre: New Views of an Old Subject. Chapter 3: The Shape of the Orchestra: University of Iowa Press. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-1-58729-463-1.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt20q201

The Ephebes' Song: Tragôidia and Polis
John J. Winkler
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The Dramatic Festivals Of Athens : Pickard, Arthur pp. 239-54

Aristotle, Poetics, section 1452b

Parodos

πάροδος - parodos

Parodos means side passage, the passageway on either side of the skene or stage, between it and the rows of seats. The two parodoi are located on either side of the stage, between it and the theatron, or audience seating area. Because the Chorus made its first entrance into the orchestra through the Parados on the audience's right hand side, the entrance song or ode sung by the Chorus came to be known by this name.

At the end of the play when the Chorus leaves the Orchestra, that part of the play is called the Exodos [ἔξοδος] or departure. During the Exodos the Chorus sing and march out with the Exode (Exit Ode).


References

Parodos - Wikipedia

ἔξοδος - Wiktionary

Thursday 18 July 2019

Kommos

κομμός - kommos

Originally the Kommos was a formal Dionysiac fertility rite, a phallic dance.

Literally a "Beating of the Breast", a dirge or lament, sung by a character in a play alternating with the chorus: the choric part of a tragedy as classified by the author of Chapter 12 of Aristotle's Poetics under the three headings: Parodos, Stasimon, and Kommos. He says the kommos is a joint lamentation by chorus and actors.

A dirge sung by a character by himself without the Chorus was called a monody.

Kommos was the original kernel of Tragedy, as the Parabasis is held to be central to Comedy, but also that the whole performance was originally a lamentation over a dead god or hero. Tragedy is thus a ritual lament.

ReferencesLiddell Scott Lexicon

κομμός 1 κόπτω
1.a striking: esp. like Lat. planctus (from plango), a beating of the breast in lamentation, ἔκοψα κομμὸν Ἄριον I lamented with Median lamentation, Aesch.
2.in attic Drama, a wild lament, sung alternately by an actor and the chorus, such as Aesch. Ag. 1072-1185.

Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg), “Amoibaion”, in: Brill’s New Pauly, Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and , Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry.  <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e118290>
First published online: 2006 First print edition: 9789004122598, 20110510


THE STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRAGEDY D. J. Mastronarde

Amoibaion - Brill

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Wednesday 10 July 2019

Plot and Myth

Ancient Greek theatrical drama is all about storytelling, stories with the moral function by which to educate the Athenian populus in the nature of their democracy. Most of the plots in the plays are taken from the huge treasury of Ancient Greek mythology. The playwright's or poet's job was not necesshttps://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc77cr4arily and simply to re-tell these myths but to use the myths as the basis of their plays  but also to adapt the classic stories with original ideas, variations and surprises. By using well-known myths this helped the audience to keep up with the story as it unfolded before them. The audience would almost always know the stories concerned. But they came to the plays not just to hear the stories they were familiar with but also to be surprised and entertained, and educated by the spectacle.

In examining the function of myth in tragedy, myth is ultimately a convenient lie; something which whilst it quietens our hearts with suitable fables it turns our heads away from the painful truth of reality. In Ancient Greece, myth was the most powerful means by which to reach the hidden truths concerning our world.

The social and political issues of the times the tragedies were originally produced had a contemporary relevance to the Athenians of those times as one finds many recurrent themes in the extant tragedies indicating this. This was a result of the civic nature of the dramatic productions. It was a deliberate act by the playwrights. Because myth is used in tragedies this means that two-time frames are actually referred to in the plays concerned. The tragedy in these plays themselves formally takes place in the heroic age, an age which ended more or less at the time of the Fall of Troy (ca 1184 BC): this was the age of the epics as described by Homer and others. But also the contemporary audience in Athens knew that the plots in these tragedies also referred to their own time in the fifth century BC, a time when Athens had democracy as its form of government. The themes which the tragedies spoke of were also matters of considerable concern to them about the society in which they lived. The same is very true about many theatrical plays and films produced today. Fiction is used to illustrate matters of real and contemporary political and social fact even if the drama is historical or a legend.

Epic Cycle

Homer's poems of aristocratic war and voyaging provided the main Greek tradition for epics.  Around 550 BC apart from the Iliad and the Odyssey there existed about 10 other epic poems which had been written down. These were collectively known as the Epic Cycle (epikos kuklos). Among the non-Homeric epics in the cycle were the Oedipodia, the Thebaïd, and the Epigoni. These related the tragic histories of the ruling houses of Thebes including the tales of Oedipus and Seven Against Thebes. However, most of the Epic Cycle were tales about the Trojan War not covered by Homer, such poems as Cypria, Little Iliad, Destruction of Troy and Homecomings. These tales as well as the Homeric ones were well-known to the Athenian public.

Many of the Ancient Greek tragedies are based on stories related in the Epic Cycle. These include six out of the seven surviving plays of Sophocles, and four out of the six surviving plays of Aeschylus. In Euripides' case ten plays – those which owe their survival to the Byzantine school curriculum - include five based on stories from the Epic Cycle.


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LIMC-France > Digital resources

Digital LIMC

Farnell's Cults of the Greek States

Volume 1: https://books.google.pt/books?id=02QAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true
Anionic Age, Ionic Age, Cronos, Zeus, Hera, Athena,

Volume 2: https://www.google.pt/books/edition/The_Cults_of_the_Greek_States/gVLuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1
Artemis, Adrasteia, Hekate, Eileithyia, Aprhodite Worship,

Volume 3:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56574/page/n3/mode/1up
Ge, Demeter and Kore-Persephone, Hades-Plouton, Mother of the Gods and Rhea-Cybele,

Volume 4:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56575/page/n3/mode/1up
Poseidon, Apollo

Volume 5:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56576/page/n3/mode/1up
Hermes, Dionysos, Hestia, Hephaistos, Ares, Minor Cults


Hesiod


Hesiod - Wikipedia

Hesiod: G Evelyn-White - Internet Archive

Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns, and Homerica, by Homer and Hesiod

Hesiod (1999). Theogony: And, Works and Days. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283941-1.

Hesiod (1991). Hesiod. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08161-6.
Hesiod translated by Richmond Lattimore - Internet Archive

HESIOD, SHIELD OF HERACLES - Theoi Classical Texts Library

HESIOD, THEOGONY - Theoi Classical Texts Library

HESIOD, WORKS AND DAYS - Theoi Classical Texts Library

HESIOD, CATALOGUES OF WOMEN FRAGMENTS - Theoi Classical Texts Library

Hesiod and Aeschylus by F. Solmsen - Internet Archive

Doug Metzger's Literature and History Episodes 7 & 8

7Hesiod's Lands and SeasonsWorks and DaysHesiodBCE 700sBefore Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato, there was a grouchy farmer poet whose Works and Days continues to fascinate us.
8Before OrthodoxyThe TheogonyHesiodBCE 700sElementals, giants, titans and gods! Hesiod's Theogony chronicles a great war - one which would leave a single entity sovereign over the cosmos.
Episode_007_hesiod's_lands_and_seasons
Episode_008_before_orthodoxy

Family Tree of Olympian Gods

Family tree of the Greek gods - Wikipedia
A Genealogy of the Greek Gods [png]

E. W. Handley (9 May 1985). The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Volume 1, Greek Literature. Chapter 3 - Hesiod: Cambridge University Press. pp. 92–. ISBN 978-0-521-21042-3PDF

E. W. Handley (9 May 1985). The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Volume 1, Greek Literature. Chapter 4: The Epic Tradition after Homer and Hesiod: Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-0-521-21042-3.   PDF

Audio

Amazon.com: Classical Mythology: The Greeks: The Modern Scholar (Audible Audio Edition): Professor Peter Meineck, Peter Meineck, Recorded Books: Audible Audiobooks
https://amzn.to/2Pabv8G

click here to read episode 14
Great Courses: Classical Mythology Professor Elizabeth Vandiver - Literature
https://amzn.to/2Pb57xF
Synopsis: 
Classical Mythology by Elizabeth Vandiver
Classical Mythology - Audio from Web Archive



Doug Metzger Literature and History Podcast

9Glittering Bronze MenThe IliadHomerBCE 700sThe Iliad, Books 1-8. Homer’s Iliad is the Tyrannosaurus Rex of ancient epics. And at the core of its 24 books is one shiny metal.01:51:00click here to play Episode 9, Glittering Bronze Men, the first of three episodes on Homer's Iliad.click here to read episode 9
10Homer's GodsThe IliadHomerBCE 700sThe Iliad, Books 9-16. The violent and spellbinding middle books of the Iliad leave us with questions about Homer’s theology.01:47:00click here to play Episode 10, Homer's Gods, the second of three episodes on Homer's Iliad.click here to read episode 10
11Who Was Homer?The IliadHomerBCE 700sThe Iliad, Books 17-24. As the Iliad reaches its spectacular climax, it’s time to ask a big question. Who wrote it?01:41:00click here to play Episode 11, Who Was Homer, the third of three episodes on Homer's Iliad.click here to read episode 11
12Kleos and NostosThe OdysseyHomerBCE 700sThe Odyssey, Books 1-8. Adventure, monsters, temptresses, and a whole lot of wine-dark Aegean. Learn all about the world of Homer’s Odyssey.01:47:00click here to play Episode 12, Kleos and Nostos, the first of three episodes on Homer's Odyssey.click here to read episode 12
13His Mind TeemingThe OdysseyHomerBCE 700sThe Odyssey, Books 9-16. The most famous part of Homer's Odyssey sees Odysseus through perilous adventures and begins to give us a sense of who he is.01:48:00click here to play Episode 13, His Mind Teeming, the second of three episodes on Homer's Odyssey.click here to read episode 13
14The Autumn LeavesThe OdysseyHomerBCE 700sThe Odyssey, Books 17-24. As we reach the violent climax of Odysseus’ great adventures, it’s time to spend some time considering Homer’s worldview.02:11:00click here to play Episode 14, The Autumn Leaves, the third of three episodes on Homer's Odyssey.



Wikipedia Articles

Epic Cycle - Wikipedia

Thebaid (Greek poem) - Wikipedia

Nostoi - Wikipedia

Iliupersis - Wikipedia

Iliad - Wikipedia

Little Iliad - Wikipedia

Danaus - Wikipedia

Aegyptus - Wikipedia

Danaïdes - Wikipedia

Agamemnon - Wikipedia

Clytemnestra - Wikipedia

Helen of Troy - Wikipedia

Iphigenia - Wikipedia

Electra - Wikipedia

Orestes - Wikipedia

Hecuba - Wikipedia

Thucydides Mythistoricus : Francis M. Cornford - Internet Archive

Jstor Articles

EURIPIDES' USE OF MYTH
Robert Eisner
Arethusa
Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1979), pp. 153-174
Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26308141

The Expansion of Myth in Late Euripides: "Iphigeneia at Aulis"
ANN N. MICHELINI
Illinois Classical Studies
Vol. 24/25, Euripides and Tragic Theatre in the Late Fifth Century (1999-2000), pp. 41-57
Published by: University of Illinois Press
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23065357

THE ENDURING MYTHS OF ANCIENT GREECE
BERNARD KNOX
The Classical Outlook
Vol. 62, No. 4 (MAY-JUNE 1985), pp. 118-121
Published by: American Classical League
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43934949

Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes vs. Euripides' Phoenissae: Male vs. Female Power
Anna A. Lamari
Wiener Studien
Vol. 120 (2007), pp. 5-24 (20 pages)
Published by: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24752017


Double Meaning and Mythic Novelty in Euripides' Plays
Emily A. McDermott
Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-2014)
Vol. 121 (1991), pp. 123-132
Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press
DOI: 10.2307/284447
https://www.jstor.org/stable/284447

Plots and Politics in Aeschylus
C. D. N. Costa
Greece & Rome
Vol. 9, No. 1 (Mar., 1962), pp. 22-34
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association
https://www.jstor.org/stable/640741

The Structure of Aristophanic Comedy
G. M. Sifakis
The Journal of Hellenic Studies
Vol. 112 (1992), pp. 123-142
Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
DOI: 10.2307/632156
https://www.jstor.org/stable/632156

Theories of Myth and the Folklorist
Richard M. Dorson
Daedalus
Vol. 88, No. 2, Myth and Mythmaking (Spring, 1959), pp. 280-290
Published by: The MIT Press on behalf of American Academy of Arts & Sciences
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20026496

The Structural Study of Myth
Claude Lévi-Strauss
The Journal of American Folklore
Vol. 68, No. 270, Myth: A Symposium (Oct. - Dec., 1955), pp. 428-444
Published by: American Folklore Society
DOI: 10.2307/536768
https://www.jstor.org/stable/536768

EURIPIDES AND THE 'TALES FROM EURIPIDES': SOURCES OF APOLLODOROS' 'BIBLIOTHECA'?
Marc Huys
Rheinisches Museum für Philologie
Neue Folge, 140. Bd., H. 3/4 (1997), pp. 308-327
Published by: J.D. Sauerländers Verlag
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41234289

The Ritual View of Myth and the Mythic
Stanley Edgar Hyman
The Journal of American Folklore
Vol. 68, No. 270, Myth: A Symposium (Oct. - Dec., 1955), pp. 462-472
Published by: American Folklore Society
DOI: 10.2307/536771
https://www.jstor.org/stable/536771

Politics and Folktale in the Classical World
James S. Ruebel
Asian Folklore Studies
Vol. 50, No. 1 (1991), pp. 5-33
Published by: Nanzan University
DOI: 10.2307/1178184
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178184

ROISMAN, HANNA M. “NAMELESS CHARACTERS IN TRAGEDY.” The Classical Review, vol. 63, no. 2, [The Classical Association, Cambridge University Press], 2013, pp. 348–50, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43301423.

Given, John. “‘Heralds’ ‘Servants’ and ‘Unnamed Characters’ in Greek Tragedy.” The Encyclopedia of Greek Tragedy, ed. Hanna Roisman. Wiley-Blackwell. (2014): n. pag. Print.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118351222.wbegt8010

Finkelberg, Margalit. “Is Κλέος Ἄϕθιτον a Homeric Formula?” The Classical Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 1, Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 1–5, http://www.jstor.org/stable/638939.

Finkelberg, Margalit. “More on ‘Kλeoσ Aφθiton.’” The Classical Quarterly, vol. 57, no. 2, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 341–50, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27564082.

Eidinow, E., Kindt, J., & Osborne, R. (Eds.). (2016). Theologies of Ancient Greek Religion (Cambridge Classical Studies). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316597811
Theologies of Ancient Greek Religion - Google Books

Coping with the gods: wayward readings in Greek theology: Versnel, H. S - Internet Archive.

Cosmos in the Ancient World - Google Books

Zeus


Ken Dowden (2 May 2006). Zeus. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-40673-8.

Hugh Lloyd-Jones (28 December 1983). Justice of Zeus. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04688-7.
https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2907798M/The_justice_of_Zeus

Zeus : a study in ancient religion (1914 edition) by A.B. Cook - Open Library https://bit.ly/2YbNbZi

Zeus study ancient religion  - Cambridge University Press https://bit.ly/2YbP3kM

Poseidon

Hera


Heracles - Wikipedia
Labours of Hercules - Wikipedia

Athena

Athena - Wikipedia


Melpomene [Muse of Tragedy]

The muse of tragedy, lyric poetry, and oratory. Her name comes from the Greek word melpomene, which means "to sing" or "to celebrate with dance and song."
She is often depicted wearing a tragic mask representing the sorrow and suffering that are often found in tragedy, She is frequently associated with the god Dionysus, the god of wine, theatre, and madness. This is because tragedy often deals with themes of death, loss, and madness. Melpomene - Wikipedia
Thalia [Muse of Comedy]

Thalia's name means "flourishing", and she is associated with the growth and development of comedy. She is often depicted with her sister, Melpomene, the muse of tragedy.
Thalia (Muse) - Wikipedia

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The Extant Greek Plays and the Myths forming their basis

>
 Aeschylus


Plays concerning the Trojan War or its aftermath, and myths concerning the Curse on the House of Atreus

Euripides
- Hecuba
- The Trojan Women
- Helen
- Iphigenia At Aulis
- Iphigenia in Tauris
- Orestes
- Electra
- Suppliant Women
- Andromache

- Cyclops

Sophocles
- Ajax
- Orestes
- Electra


Aeschylus
- Oresteia [Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, The Eumenides]

Plays concerning the Oedipean myth and Thebes

Euripides
- The Phoenissae [Phoenician Women/Seven Against Thebes]

Sophocles
- Oedipus Tyrannus
- Antigone
- Oedipus at Colonus

Aeschylus
- Seven Against Thebes

Plays involving Jason and the Argonauts or related myths

Euripides
- Medea

The Myth of Heracles (Hercules)

Sophocles
- Women of Trachis

Euripides
- Heracles
- Children of Heracles

The Myth of Theseus and his Family

Euripides
- Hippolytus

The God Dionysos

Euripides
- The Bacchae

Aristophanes
- The Frogs

Other Myths and Legends

Euripides
- Alcestis
- Ion